1. Leaching of Alternative Chemical Treated Wood & Aquatic Toxicity of Alternative Chemical Treated Wood Leachates Update: July 9, 2001

2. “ Chemical and Toxicity Characterization of Pressure Treated Wood Leachate.” Kristin Stook Master of Engineering Thesis

4. Rationale Research in previous years found that alternative wood preservatives had advantages over CCA with respect to disposal issues and human toxicity issues Aquatic toxicity of alternatives raised as an issue

5. Objectives Conduct a side-by-side comparison of CCA-treated wood and alternative chemical-treated wood with respect to chemical leaching and aquatic toxicity of leachates Gather basic data that can be used as part of overall assessment of preserved wood types

6. Status Chemical Analysis Aquatic Toxicity Analysis Interpretation & Recommendations

7. Leaching of Alternative Chemical Treated Wood Update: July 9, 2001

8. Wood Preservatives CCA- chromated copper arsenate ACQ- alkaline copper quaternary CBA- copper boron azole CC- copper citrate CDDC- copper dimethyldithiocarbamate

9. Wood Preservative InorganicOrganic CCA Chromium, Copper, Arsenic N/A ACQCopper, BoronDDAC CBACopper, BoronTebuconazole CCCopperCitrate CDDCCopperCDDC Wood Preservative Components

10. Sample Preparation

11. Wood Preservation Wood was selected based on certain criteria One (2’) section of each piece of untreated dimensional lumber was sent for treatment ½ to UM and ½ to UF

12. Size Reduction Cut wood using a 10’’ miter saw Ground using a pulverizer

13. Leaching Tests SPLP- Synthetic Precipitation Leaching Procedure TCLP- Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure Synthetic seawater (Instant Ocean) DI water

14. Analytical Procedures Wood Preservative InorganicOrganic CCAICP-AESN/A ACQICP-AESTwo-Phase Titration CBAICP-AESGC/MS CDDCICP-AESSpectrophotometer CCICP-AESIC

15. Chemical Leaching Results

16. Start with CCA-Treated Wood

17. Arsenic Concentrations Found in CCA-treated Wood Leachates DITCLPSPLPSW TC= 5 mg/L

18. Copper Concentrations Found in CCA-treated Wood Leachates SPLPDITCLPSW

19. Chromium Concentrations Found in CCA-treated Wood Leachates SPLPDITCLPSW

20. Difference in Leaching Tests for Alternative Chemical Treated Wood

21. Copper Boron Azole

22. General Observations about Leaching Tests For copper, TCLP and saltwater extract the most (DI and SPLP are equivalent) TCLP extracts the most chromium Arsenic leaching approximately equal for TCLP, SPLP and DI Organic chemicals for the most part leach independent of leaching fluid

23. Compare Copper Leachability

24. Comparison of Copper Leachability (concentration in mg/l) SPLP

25. Comparison of Copper Leachability (mass leaching in %) SPLP

26. Comparison of Total Metal Leachability (mass leaching in %) SPLP

27. Observations CCA treated wood leaching similar to previous tests (SPLP, TCLP) Copper concentrations greater in alternative treated wood leachates The mass percentage of copper that leaches is higher The mass percentage of organic components that leach is chemical specific

28. Remaining Work Boron analysis Interpretation

29. Aquatic Toxicity of Alternative Chemical Treated Wood Leachates Update: July 9, 2001

30. Aquatic Toxicity Assays Why conduct? Chemical leaching data can not account for other factors that affect aquatic toxicity, such as complexation, binding, interaction, etc…

31. MetPLATE TM Metal bioavailability Short term acute toxicity assay 96-well microplate CPRG- enzyme Absorbance measured at 570 nm

32. Microtox General toxicity assay Uses the decrease in the bioluminescence of the marine organism Vibrio fisherii to measure aquatic toxicity

33. Selenastrum capricornutum Chronic toxicity assay 96-hr test Relative inhibition of the leachates is measured based on a negative control

34. Ceriodaphnia dubia 48 hour acute bioassay Samples analyzed in triplicate with 5 dilutions Ten neonates per sample Count the number of live/dead neonates

35. Toxicity Expressions EC 50 - mg/L or percent LC 50 - mg/L or percent IC 50 - mg/L or percent

36. How Do Toxicity Tests Compare? Let’s look at results on CDDC on SPLP leachate

37. Comparison of Toxicity Tests (SPLP Leaching of CDDC)

38. SPLP

40. Copper as a Surrogate Literature suggests that the copper leached from CCA is the primary toxicant to aquatic organisms Does this apply to the alternative wood preservatives as well?

41. Leachate EC 50 s (C.dubia) vs. Copper Concentrations

42. C.dubia Copper/Leachate Comparison

43. General Observations Alternative chemical treated wood chemicals exhibit a greater degree of aquatic toxicity Most sensitive tests are algae and daphnia, followed by Metplate and Microtox

44. Next Steps Conduct hormonally active chemical assay Determine the relative contribution of copper and the co-biocides to aquatic toxicity Make recommendations on how to use the data in the decision-making process

45. Questions?