1. Nutrition

2. What are Nutrients?
parts of food which provide for growth, maintenance, body functions
Carbohydrates (CHO)
Fats
Proteins
Vitamins
Minerals
Water

3. What is a Ruminant?
Animals with more than one compartment in the stomach
Chew their cud (re-chew food)
Cows, sheep, goats
Cows have four compartments in the stomach
Alf has eight stomachs

4. Why don’t cattle need as much B vitamins?
Microorganisms in the stomach of the cow make their own B vitamins
Can also make some proteins if given the right kind of Nitrogen

5. NonRuminants
Foragers: Horse, rabbit
NonForagers: pig, poultry

6. How much to feed? Depends on function of animal
Pregnant, Lactating, Working, Growing
How often to feed
- Depends on stomach size & rate of metabolism
- Stomach size is relavant to amount of feed fed
- Mink = 4-6 times/day,
- Cows = 1-2 /day

7. What foods give energy? Carbohydrates (starch & cellulose) & Fats
Fat = 2 1/2 times energy of CHO
Energy is major part of a feed ration
Up to 90% of a ration for a steer
Measured in Kilocalories or TDN (Total Digestible Nutrients)

8. What are Proteins? Used to build muscle, body tissue
Made of amino acids
Ruminants can make some proteins
Simple Stomachs need specific amino acids

9. What are Minerals?
Natural elements which regulate certain body functions
Na, Ca, P, Fe, Cu, K, Mn, Mg, Zn, Mo, Se, I, Co
Most are trace minerals

10. Macro needed in larger amounts
Macro Minerals
Macro needed in larger amounts
Calcium (Ca)
Phosphorus (P)
Sodium (Na)
Chlorine (Cl)
Potassium (K)
Sulfur (S)
Magnesium (Mg)

11. Micro needed in smaller amounts
Trace Minerals
Micro needed in smaller amounts
Molybdenum (Mo)
Selenium (Se)
Silicon (Si)
Fluorine (F)
Chromium (Cr)
Iron (Fe)
Copper (Cu)
Zinc (Zn)
Iodine (I)
Cobalt (Co)
Manganese (Mn)

12. Compounds responsible for
What are vitamins?
Compounds responsible for
certain functions
Fat Soluble Vitamins A, D, E, K
Water Soluble Vitamins B, C

13. What are additives? Antibiotics: disease prevention
Coccidiostats: control parasites
Xanthophyll: makes egg yolks yellow
Hormones: increase growth
Tranquilizers: calm nerves (cattle, turkeys)
Antioxidants: prevent feed from getting rancid
Pellet Binders: keep in pellet form
Flavoring Agents: make taste better

14. Livestock Feeding Roughage Concentrate high fiber, low energy
low fiber, high energy

15. How is a ration balanced?
Pearson square: balance a ration using any two ingredients for one nutrient
How much Soybean Meal (44% Protein) should be mixed with Barley (13% Protein) to get a mixture that is 16% protein?

16. Pearson Square SBM = 3 parts Soybean Meal 44% 16% Barley 13%
Barley = 28 parts
Total Parts = 31

17. Pearson Square Soybean Meal = 3 parts Barley = 28 parts
Total Parts = 31
Soybean Meal = 3/31 or 10%
Barley = 28/31 or 90%
If mixing a ton (2000#) SBM = 200#, Barley = 1800#

18. Summary Livestock feeds are classified as roughages and concentrates.
A ration is the amount of feed an animal is given during a 24 hour period.
Rations are balanced for the protein and energy needs of an animal.
Feeding standards and tables of feed composition are used to balance a ration.