1. Extension of the Liège Intra Nuclear Cascade model to light ion-induced collisions for medical and space applications D. Mancusi1, 2, P. Kaitaniemi1, 3, A. Boudard1, J. Cugnon2, J.C. David1, and S. Leray CEA/Saclay, IRFU/SPhN, France, 2 Liège University, Belgium, 3 Helsinki Institute of Physics, Finland

2. Applications of spallation reactions
Neutron sources for material science, condensed matter physics (SNS, JPARC, ESS)
Accelerator-driven sub-critical reactors for nuclear waste transmutation (MYRRHA Belgium)
MYRRHA
Production of radioactive beams for funda-mental nuclear physics studies (ISOLDE CERN, FRIB, EURISOL)
Therapy with protons or heavy ions beams
Radiation protection, damage to electronic circuits in space or near accelerators

3. Fragmentation in hadrontherapy
Carbon fragmentation (~50% of the C ions)  spreading of the dose outside the tumor volume
Ionization function of a 200 MeV u-1 carbon ion beam in water (K. Gunzer-Marx et al., New Journal of Physics 10 (2008) )
Tracks reconstructed in emulsion From T. Toshito et al., 2006 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record

4. Effects of galactic cosmic rays in spacecrafts space
Assessment of radiation risk for manned space flights, estimates of single event upset (SEU) rates for spacecraft memory devices
Relative contribution of different ions to flux, dose, and dose equivalent from galactic cosmic radiation
Durante & Cucinotta, Nature Rev. Cancer (2008)
Differential flux of galactic cosmic rays J. Miller, Gravitational and Space Biology Bulletin 16(2) June 2003

5. Experiments at GSI
FIRST experiment: Fragmentation of Ions Relevant for Space and Therapy (INFN - IRFU/SPhN – GSI - ESA collaboration)
See C. Agodi’s talk
C+C, 400 AMeV measured in 2011
further experiments foreseen in 2013: other energies, Fe+Si, Fe+C

6. (A, Z, E*, J) starting state for de-excitation (ABLA)
Ingredients of the INCL4 model
Target preparation
Wood-Saxon density
Fermi momentum
Entering particles
Coulomb deviation
Propagation (t dependence)
Straight lines, constant velocity
Energy, isospin dependent potential
Interactions (NN, Δ, )
Minimum distance of approach
Pauli principle
Escaping particles
Quantum transmission
Coalescence in phase space
clusters (d, t, α…Be)
End of the cascade
(A, Z, E*, J) starting state
for de-excitation (ABLA)
p (1 GeV) N D p
Transmission
Reflection
Potential b
V0 (- 45 MeV) Ef
p in
(38 MeV) h
E=0
Les interactions: NN elast, NN-Delta, absorption by Ndeta-NN…
(A. Boudard et al., PRC66 (2002) , NPA 740 (2004) 195)

7. Validation of INCL4 against experimental data
the Intra-Nuclear Cascade model INCL4.6 coupled to ABLA07
Reaction Cross-section
Neutron production
pion production
LCP production
p(1200 MeV) + Ta
Residue mass distribution
Rajouter : isotopic p+Pb
p+Fe residues
2 transparents ?
Isotopic Cross-section

8. IAEA benchmark of spallation models
Neutron double differential cross-sections global analysis: Division of the spectra in 4 energy regions: evaporation, pre-equilibrium, pure cascade and quasi-elastic
Residue global analysis: Division of the distributions in mass/charge regions: evaporation residues, deep spallation, fission and intermediate mass fragments
Mass and charge distributions
Quality
Points
Good 2
Moderately good, minor problems 1
Moderately bad, particular problems -1
Unacceptably bad, systematically wrong -2

9. Implementation into high-energy transport codes
MCNPX :
INCL4.2 - ABLA  INCL4.6 - ABLA07 in MCNPX2.7b (private version)
GEANT4 :
INCL4.2 + LI extension - ABLA (C++ transcription) (removed)
INCL++ (=INCL4.6 + LI extension fully rewritten) coupled to ABLA and G4-deexcitation
PHITS (coll. JAEA, RIST, KEK)
INCL4.6 coupled with the GEM de-excitation model
MARS (coll. Fermilab)
INCL4.2 + HE extension – ABLA07

10. Extension of INCL4 to LCP induced reactions
Coulomb deviation
Exact reaction Q values (masses from tables)
Fusion at low energies
Frozen projectile Fermi motion until one nucleon interacts
Absorption for projectile nucleons entering below Ef and with 𝐫<𝐑𝟎+ 𝝈𝑵𝑵/𝝅
Smooth transition from complete to incomplete fusion
direct (peripheral) reactions

11. Extension of INCL4 to LCP induced reactions
(4He,xn) excitation functions
Accurate Nuclear Data for
nuclear Energy Sustainability

12. Production of At isotopes in ISOLDE experiment
Two production channels:
secondary reactions induced by heliums for heavy isotopes
Bi (p,π-) for light isotopes
p (1.4 GeV) on a thick PbBi target
Calculations with INCL4.6-ABLA07 in MCNPX2.7.b
Data from Y. Tall et al., ND2007

13. Extension to light-ion induced reactionsb a A
Spectators
(+ transparents)
up to 18O
(in the “a” c.m.)
Projectile spectator:
= geometrical spectators + non-interacting nucleons
Excitation energy: hole configuration
De-excitation by Fermi-Breakup
Target remnant:
“normal” INC
De-excitation by evaporation or Fermi-Breakup depending on mass
!! Not symmetric treatment !!

14. Light-ion induced reactions: neutron production
12C + 12C GEANT4 calculations
135 MeV/u MeV/u

15. Light-ion induced reactions: neutron production
12C + 12C GEANT4 calculations
135 MeV/u MeV/u

16. Light-ion induced reactions: neutron production
12C + 12C GEANT4 calculations
135 MeV/u MeV/u

17. Charge changing cross-sections
Fe+C 3000 MeV/u
Fe+C 500 MeV/u
Cl+C 1000 MeV/u

18. Charge changing cross-sections
Fe+C 500 MeV/u
Fe+C 3000 MeV/u
Cl+C 1000 MeV/u

19. Thick target calculation with GEANT4
12C (95 A MeV) on 5 mm PMMA
Charge distributions
Data from B. Braunn et al., NIMB 269, (2011)
10° 7°
20°

20. Thick target calculation with GEANT4
12C (200 MeV/u) stopped in cm of water
Particle DDXS
Data: K Gunzert-Marx et al., New Journal of Physics 10 (2008)
Renormalization needed for d and 4He p α d

21. Conclusion Goal: unified code including HE and LI extensions
The Intra-Nuclear Cascade model INCL4, which (coupled to ABLA) has proven to be one of the best spallation model for applications, has been extended to light-ion induced reactions and implemented into GEANT4
very promising results despite crude approximations
agreement with data similar to QMD, but ~5 times faster
Future work
Extension to 10 GeV : multipion channels (done), strangeness production, antiproton…. (foreseen in the future)
Symmetric treatment with interacting potentials
Goal: unified code including HE and LI extensions