1. Shaders in OpenGL Marshall Hahn

2. Introduction to Shaders in OpenGL In this talk, the basics of OpenGL Shading Language will be covered. This includes topics such as: vertex shaders, fragment shaders, and how they communicate useful built-in functions and datatypes an example shader that implements bump mapping how to compile, initialize and activate a shader

3. OpenGL 1.5

4. OpenGL 2.0

5. OpenGL Shading Language (GLSL) A C-based language, has similar syntax and flow control a little more restrictive in some areas  Functions: return by value, pass by value Has special built-in variables for input\output. Their names always begin with gl_ Has built-in datatypes for matrices and vectors Useful built-in functions: dot, cos, sin, mix, …

6. OpenGL Shading Language (GLSL): Swizzling The normal structure-member selector (.) is also used to SWIZZLE components of a vector: select or rearrange components by listing their names after the swizzle operator (.)SWIZZLE vec4 v4; v4.rgba; // is a vec4 and the same as just using v4, v4.rgb; // is a vec3, v4.b; // is a float, v4.xy; // is a vec2, v4.xgba; // is illegal - the component names do not come from // the same set. The component names can be out of order to rearrange the components, or they can be replicated to duplicate the components:

7. The Three Shader Variable Types Uniform variables: can be changed once per primitive  uniform bool bumpon; Attribute variables: can be changed anytime, they represent attributes that are associated with vertices  attribute vec3 tangentVec; Varying variables: are used communicate between vertex shader and fragment shader. They are automatically interpolated across the polygon.  varying vec3 lightVec;

8. Normal Maps An image where each pixel represents a normal:  R -> x, G -> y, B -> z Each normal is perturbed a small amount, so normal maps tend to be “bluish” in colour R, G, and B each range from 0.0 to 1.0 N.x = ( R – 0.5 ) * 2.0, …

9. Normal Mapping using Tangent Space Np is in tangent space, L and V are in WCS So we build a frame at the P using N, T (tangent) and N x T We then transform L and V into this frame

10. Normal Mapping using Tangent Space Suppose we have two points: S in Tangent Space and O in World Space This is the transformation we need:

11. Normal Mapping Vertex Shader 1.uniform bool bumpon; 2.attribute vec3 tangentVec; 3.varying vec3 lightVec; 4.varying vec3 eyeVec; 5. 6.void main (void) 7.{ 8. vec4 ecPosition = gl_ModelViewMatrix * gl_Vertex; 9. 10. gl_Position = ftransform(); 11. gl_TexCoord[0] = gl_MultiTexCoord0;//texture mapping stuff 12. 13. vec3 orgLightVec = ( gl_LightSource[0].position.xyz - ecPosition.xyz); 14. 15. vec3 n = normalize(gl_NormalMatrix * gl_Normal); 16. vec3 t = normalize(gl_NormalMatrix * tangentVec); 17. vec3 b = cross(n, t); 18. 19. lightVec.x = dot( orgLightVec, t); 20. lightVec.y = dot( orgLightVec, b); 21. lightVec.z = dot( orgLightVec, n); 22. 23. vec3 position = -ecPosition.xyz; 24. eyeVec.x = dot( position, t); 25. eyeVec.y = dot( position, b); 26. eyeVec.z = dot( position, n); 27.}

12. Normal Mapping Fragment Shader 1.uniform bool bumpon; 2.uniform sampler2D normalMap;//must initialize with texture unit integer 3.varying vec3 lightVec; 4.varying vec3 eyeVec; 5. 6.void main (void) 7.{ 8. vec3 N = vec3(0.0, 0.0, 1.0); 9. if( bumpon ) N = normalize( ( (texture2D(normalMap, gl_TexCoord[0].xy).xyz) - 0.5) * 2.0 ); 10. 11. vec3 L = normalize(lightVec); 12. vec3 V = normalize(eyeVec); 13. vec3 R = reflect(L, N); 14. 15. float pf = pow( dot(R, V), gl_FrontMaterial.shininess ); 16. 17. vec4 GlobalAmbient = gl_LightModel.ambient; 18. vec4 Ambient = gl_LightSource[0].ambient * gl_FrontMaterial.ambient; 19. vec4 Diffuse = gl_LightSource[0].diffuse * gl_FrontMaterial.diffuse * dot(N, L); 20. vec4 Specular = gl_LightSource[0].specular * gl_FrontMaterial.specular * pf; 21. 22. vec4 color1 = GlobalAmbient + Ambient + Diffuse; 23. vec4 color2 = Specular; 24. 25. gl_FragColor = clamp( color1 + color2, 0.0, 1.0 ); 26.}

13. GLEE(GL Easy Extension library) GLee (GL Easy Extension library) is a free cross-platform extension loading library for OpenGL It provides seamless support for OpenGL functions up to version 2.1 and over 360 extensions http://elf-stone.com/glee.php Microsoft’s OpenGL API only supports up to OpenGL 1.1

14. Compilation char* vertSrc = readShaderToString(vertShader); char* fragSrc = readShaderToString(fragShader); vs = glCreateShader(GL_VERTEX_SHADER); fs = glCreateShader(GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER); glShaderSource(vs, 1, &vertSrc, NULL); glShaderSource(fs, 1, &fragSrc, NULL); glCompileShader(vs); printOpenGLError(); // Check for OpenGL errors glGetShaderiv(vs, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &vertCompiled); printShaderInfoLog(vs); glCompileShader(fs); printOpenGLError(); // Check for OpenGL errors glGetShaderiv(fs, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &fragCompiled); printShaderInfoLog(fs); if (!vertCompiled || !fragCompiled) exit(-1);

15. Compilation // Create a program object and attach the two compiled shaders int program = glCreateProgram(); glAttachShader(program, vs); glAttachShader(program, fs); // Link the program object and print out the info log glLinkProgram(program); printOpenGLError(); // Check for OpenGL errors glGetProgramiv(program, GL_LINK_STATUS, &linked); printProgramInfoLog(); if (!linked) exit(-1)

16. Initialization and Activation Call glUseProgram( program ) to activate a shader.  The default functionality will be disabled  Can switch between multiple shaders while rendering a frame Initialization example: GLint loc = glGetUniformLocation(program, "bumpon"); glUniform1i( loc, GL_TRUE ); GLint loc = glGetUniformLocation(program, "normalMap"); glUniform1i( loc, 0 ); GLint loc = glGetUniformLocation(program, "tangentVec"); glVertexAttrib3f(loc, v1, v2, v3);

17. For more information, see the spec http://www.opengl.org/registry/doc/GLSLa ngSpec.Full.1.20.8.pdf