3. Question # 3 What is a samurai? What is his job? What does he look like?

4. Reflection # 3 How does the code of Bushido guide the samurai? Do you think a similar code would work today with our soldiers?

5. Question # 6 What is a shogun? What is a shogunate?

6. Reflection # 6 What significant changes did Tokugawa bring about in Japan during his rule?

7. The Nara Period 700’s new capital-Nara Center of government and religion Appointed officials by connections, not civil service exams. Emperor’s power came from control of land. Used a census-based on results all people who held land had to pay taxes in rice or silk. The men counted in the census had to serve in the army.

8. Heian Period: 794-1156 Emperor Kammu built a new capital city called Heian-offical capital for 1000 years. Emperor’s power weakened-many were children when they became emperor and had regents to rule for them. Regents-refused to give up power. Most were from the Fujiwara clan.

9. The Fujiwara Under the Fujiwara emperors were honored but had no real power. Other powerful nobles gained control of much of the land in the provinces of Japan. Land was given as gifts to the nobles for their work. In order to make the nobles happy-they no longer had to pay taxes. Nobles began to collect taxes from peasants working the land.

10. Heian Period: 794-1156 Characteristics: a Growth of large landed estates. a Arts & literature of China flourished. a Elaborate court life [highly refined]  ETIQUETTE.  ETIQUETTE.  a Personal diaries e The Pillow Book by Sei Shonagon [10c] a Great novel  The Tale of Genji by Lady Murasaki Shikibu [1000 pgs.+]  The Tale of Genji by Lady Murasaki Shikibu [1000 pgs.+]   Moving away from Chinese models in religion, the arts, and government.  Moving away from Chinese models in religion, the arts, and government.  Characteristics: a Growth of large landed estates. a Arts & literature of China flourished. a Elaborate court life [highly refined]  ETIQUETTE.  ETIQUETTE.  a Personal diaries e The Pillow Book by Sei Shonagon [10c] a Great novel  The Tale of Genji by Lady Murasaki Shikibu [1000 pgs.+]  The Tale of Genji by Lady Murasaki Shikibu [1000 pgs.+]   Moving away from Chinese models in religion, the arts, and government.  Moving away from Chinese models in religion, the arts, and government. 

11. Heian Period: Cultural Borrowing 1.Chinese writing. 2.Chinese artistic styles. 3.Buddhism [in the form of ZEN]. 4.BUT, not the Chinese civil service system! 4.BUT, not the Chinese civil service system!  1.Chinese writing. 2.Chinese artistic styles. 3.Buddhism [in the form of ZEN]. 4.BUT, not the Chinese civil service system! 4.BUT, not the Chinese civil service system! 

12. Heian Court Dress

13. The Pillow Book by Sei Shonagon (diary)

15. Tale of Genji ( first novel)

16. Tale of Genji Scroll (first novel)

17. Lady Murasaki Shikibu She contributed much to the Japanese script known as kana, while men wrote with Chinese characters, kanji.

18. The Samurai To protect land and enforce the law, nobles formed private armies. To create armies they gave land to warriors who agreed to fight for them. Samurai means “one who serves.” Were not suppose to care for wealth.

19. Full Samurai Attire

20. Early Mounted Samurai Warriors

21. Samurai Sword

22. Underpinnings: Basic Steps in Self Defense A COTTON BREECH CLOUT A COTTON BREECH CLOUT that extended up over the chest was the basic undergarment of a samurai’s costume A SHORT SLEEVED KIMONO A SHORT SLEEVED KIMONO, or “armor robe,” was tied snugly at the waist with a special knot (lower right)

23. BILLOWING PANTALOONS, BILLOWING PANTALOONS, worn over the armor robe, fitted loosely in the legs to allow freedom of movement STURDY SHINGUARDS STURDY SHINGUARDS of cloth or leather were reinforced with strips of iron to give protection from the front AN EXQUISITE BROCADE AN EXQUISITE BROCADE, richly worked with a design of peonies, was one of the extravagant materials used in an armor robe that may have been made for a 14 th Century imperial prince

24. Samurai Charging

25. Code of Bushido * Fidelity * Politeness * Virility * Simplicity * Fidelity * Politeness * Virility * Simplicity

26. Modern-Day “Samurai Warriors”

27. Seppuku: Ritual Suicide Kaishaku – his “seconds” It is honorable to die in this way.

28. What is a Shogun? By the early 1100’s the most powerful Japanese families had begun fighting each other using their samurai armies. They fought over land and to gain control over the emperor and his government. 1180-Gempei War Civil war between Taira and Minamoto family.

29. Minamoto Yoritomo 1185-Minamoto forces won. Leader-Minamoto Yoritomo The emperor was afraid the Minamoto family would replace the Yamato family as the rulers of Japan-better to reward him to keep him loyal. 1192-gave Yoritomo the title of shogun-commander of all of the emperor’s military forces.

30. The Shogun Created two governments in Japan. The emperor stayed in his palace at Heian with his bureaucracy-still officially the head of the country but had no power. Shogun set up his own government in Kamakura-known as a shogunate. Shoguns rule Japan for the next 700 years.

31. Minamoto Yoritomo Founded the Kamakura Shogunate: 1185-1333

32. The Mongols Attack 1274 and 1281 Kublai Khan sent ships and warriors to invade Japan. Both times the Mongols were defeated because of violent Pacific storms smashed many of their ships.

33. Mongol “Invasions ” of Japan 4,400 ships and 140,000 men, but kamikaze winds stopped them.

34. Ashikaga Age: 1338-1573 ► Shoguns fought for power. a Laws are unclear. a Less efficient than the Kamakura.  Armies of samurai protected the country. 

35. Ashikaga Age: 1338-1573 Many samurai had become resentful- samurai had gotten less and less land has it was passed down to their sons. Many samurai had gotten poor. And no longer felt they owed loyalty to the shogun. 1331- emperor rebelled and may samurai came to his aid-was a success but could not gain control because he would not give up land. General Ashinkaga turned against the emperor and make himself shogun.

36. The Daimyo The Ashikaga shoguns were weak rulers and revolts broke out. The country was divided into a number of small territories which were headed by powerful military lords known as daimyos. The daimyo pledged to the emperor and the shogun. Ruled their land as individual kingdoms. To protect these kingdoms-created their own local armies made up of samurai warriors.

37. Feudalism Many samurai became vassals of a daimyo. A vassal-a noble who held land from and served a higher-ranking lord and in return was given protection. The samurai gave an oath of loyalty to his daimyo and promised to serve him in times of war. This bond of loyalty between a lord and a vassal is known as feudalism. Feudalism-a political system based on bonds of loyalty between lords and vassals.

38. Feudal Society The emperor reigned, but did not always rule!

39. FeudalismFeudalism Japan: A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty, the holding of land, and military service. Japan: Shogun Daimyo Samurai Peasant Land - Shoen Protection Loyalty Food

40. Onin War 1467-1477 The breakdown of central government, Japan’s warriors fought each other. The city of Kyoto (Heian) was almost completely destroyed. For 100 years after the Onin War a series of weak shoguns tried to reunite Japan. Powerful daimyo resisted control and fighting spread throughout the country. The violence broke down the Ashikaga shogunate in 1567.

41. The Age of the Warring States: ( 1467 - 1568) a Castles built on hills in different provinces. a Power shifts from above to below.  Europeans arrive in Japan  bringing firearms & Christianity. a Christianity & foreign trade flourish.

42. Catholic Jesuits in Japan [First Catholic Missionaries in Asia] St. Francis Xavier [First Catholic Missionaries in Asia]

43. Oda Nobunaga (1534-1582) a Banishes the last Ashikaga shogun. a Unifies a large part of Japan. a Banishes the last Ashikaga shogun. a Unifies a large part of Japan.

44. Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1536-1598) a Becomes suspicious of European territorial ambitions.  Orders all European missionaries expelled from Japan.  a Tries to invade Korea, but fails.

45. First Christian Martyrs (1597): Shrine in Nagasaki Today

46. Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543-1616) Appointed shogun by the Emperor. a Appointed shogun by the Emperor.  Four-class system laid down with marriage restricted to members of the same class!  Four-class system laid down with marriage restricted to members of the same class!   Warriors.  Farmers.  Artisans.  Merchants.

47. Tokugawa Shogunate Period  Japan closed off to all trade [except to the Dutch and Chinese].   The Dutch were restricted to a small island in Nagasaki harbor. a Japanese Christians persecuted and Christianity is forbidden. a The government is centralized with all power in the hands of the shogun. a Domestic trade flourishes. a Towns, esp. castle towns, increase. a Merchant class becomes rich!  a New art forms  haiku poetry, kabuki theater.

48. ROENSROENS ROENSROENS

49. FeudalismFeudalism A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty, the holding of land, and military service. Europe: King Lord Knight Peasant Land - Fief Protection Loyalty Food

50. Code of Chivalry * * Justice * Loyalty * Defense * Courage * Faith * Humility * Nobility * * Justice * Loyalty * Defense * Courage * Faith * Humility * Nobility

51. European knight Samurai Warrior vs. Medieval Warriors

52. Knight’s Armor Samurai Armor vs. Medieval Warriors

53. CASTLESCASTLES CASTLESCASTLES

54. Osaka Castle

55. Main Gate of Hiroshima Castle

56. Caernorfon Castle, Wales

57. Warwick Castle, England