1. Molecular Modeling

2. Molecular Modeling: Visualizations & Predictions Numerical Methods Integral Method Semi-Empirical MO-SCF Methods Approximate MO Methods Ab Initio MethodsAb Initio Methods

4. H Ψ = E Ψ H = Hamiltonian H is an operator corresponding to the total energy of the system. Kinetic + potential energy

5. LCAO: linear combination of atomic orbitals NDDO: neglect of diatomic differential overlap

6. The cost of calculations (cpu time required) increases rapidly as the basis set size is increased and as the amount of electron correlation increases.

7. Web MO http://butane.cabrillo.edu/ Username: your last name password: DVC id number http://butane.cabrillo.edu/ Web MO: undergraduate molecular modeling college consortium Web-based, on-line accessible molecular modeling software, Graphic User Interface (GUI), free to DVC students, no cpu charges Uses MOPAC 7, GAMESS 2000, and GAUSSIAN

8. Web MO http://butane.cabrillo.edu/ Username: your last name password: DVC id# http://butane.cabrillo.edu/ Output:  Dipole moment  Bond Orders  Partial Charges  Vibrational Modes  Molecular Orbitals  Ultraviolet-Visible-Infrared Graphics  NMR Chemical Shifts

9. Molecular Orbital Theory (Review) http://chemconnections.org/general/movies/html_swf/MolecularOrbitalTheory/MolecularOrbitalTheory. html

10. Valence electrons are delocalized in molecular orbitals spread over the entire molecule.Valence electrons are delocalized in molecular orbitals spread over the entire molecule. First Principle: The total # of molecular orbitals equals the number of atomic orbitals contributed by the atoms that have combined. First Principle: The total # of molecular orbitals equals the number of atomic orbitals contributed by the atoms that have combined. Second Principle: The bonding molecular orbitals are lower in energy than the parents orbitals and are more symmetrical (fewer nodes) than the antibonding orbitals which are higher in energy. Second Principle: The bonding molecular orbitals are lower in energy than the parents orbitals and are more symmetrical (fewer nodes) than the antibonding orbitals which are higher in energy. Third Principle: The electrons of the molecule are assigned to orbitals of successively higher energy according to the Pauli exclusion principle and Hund’s rule. Third Principle: The electrons of the molecule are assigned to orbitals of successively higher energy according to the Pauli exclusion principle and Hund’s rule. Molecular Orbital Theory

11. 1. # MO’s = # atomic orbitals used. 2. Bonding MO is lower in energy than atomic orbitals. Antibonding MO is higher. 3. Electrons assigned to MO’s of higher and higher energy. Bond order = 1/2 [# e- in bonding MOs - # e- in antibonding MOs]

12. Analogy between Light Waves and Atomic Wave Functions

14. QUESTION When comparing the M.O. theory of bonding to the Localized Electron model which of the following would be an incorrect claim? A. For a molecule of H 2 ; MO 1 = 1s A + 1s B; MO 2 = 1s A – 1s B B. The molecular orbitals (both bonding and antibonding) still have a maximum electron occupancy of two just as the localized orbitals. C. In H 2, the bonding orbital (MO 1 ) is lower in energy than the 1s orbital of hydrogen. D. Although not used in molecular bonding, the 1s orbital of hydrogen is present in H 2.

16. Homo: Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital Sigma Bond

18. Bond Length: C-C > C=C > C Ξ C Bond Energy: C-C < C=C < C Ξ C Single bond: C-C Bond Order =1

19. Pi Bond

20.  and π Bonding in C 2 H 4 Double bond: C=C Bond Order =2 Bond Length: C-C > C=C > C Ξ C Bond Energy: C-C < C=C < C Ξ C

21. Pi Bond

22.  and π Bonding in C 2 H 2 Triple bond: C Ξ C Bond Order =3 Bond Length: C-C > C=C > C Ξ C Bond Energy: C-C < C=C < C Ξ C

23. Consequences of Multiple Bonding There is restricted rotation around C=C bond.

24. Lumo: Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital Anti-bonding Orbital

26. QUESTION Consider the two molecular orbitals of benzene that follow. Which statement is correct? MO1MO2 A. MO1 and MO2 are likely bonding orbitals. B. MO1 and MO2 are likely antibonding orbitals. C. MO1 is likely a bonding orbital and MO2 is likely an antibonding orbital. D. MO1 is likely an antibonding orbital and MO2 is likely a bonding orbital