1. IDENTIFY THE PATTERN
Unit 4

2. WITH YOUR GROUP, PLEASE:
State what your pattern is (e.g. LISTING, SEQUENCE, COMPARISON, etc.)
Show an example paragraph of your pattern from the book
Explain when/why we use that pattern
Is there any language that helps us recognize that pattern?
Get ready to explain your pattern to other groups.

3. CAUSE AND EFFECT, p 181: STRUCTURE
1. Main idea (first sentence)
 States that something causes something else—or is caused by something else
e.g.
Stress at work can cause loss of sleep.
Loss of sleep can be caused by stress.
2. Supporting facts/details (remaining sentences)
 Explains/gives examples of the causes and/or effects

4. CAUSE AND EFFECT, p 181: COMMON LANGUAGE
When the cause comes first:
cause, create, make, produce, influence, contribute to, lead to, result in
When the effect comes first:
be due to, be caused by, be the result of, be the consequence of, result from

5. LISTING, p 173
A. Structure
B. Common language

6. LISTING, p 173: STRUCTURE 1. Main idea (first sentence)
=generalization and tells you to expect a list of facts or ideas
e.g. In the Trobriand Islands, the yam (a root vegetable) is important in several ways.
2. Supporting facts/details (remaining sentences)

7. LISTING, p 173: COMMON LANGUAGE
FOR THE MAIN IDEA:
Many, several, a lot of, some, a few, a number of, various, all kinds of
FOR THE SUPPORTING DETAILS:
First…, In addition/Additionally…, Finally/Lastly…
One (way the yam is important is…)…, Another …., A final…

8. SEQUENCE, p 175
A. Structure
B. Common language

9. SEQUENCE, p 175: STRUCTURE Main idea (first sentence)
describes sequence of events OR steps that happen in a certain order
Franklin Roosevelt, the 32nd president of the United States, served his country for most of his life.
Doing laundry is not difficult./Doing laundry is a simple process.
2. Supporting facts/details (remaining sentences)
 the events or steps that follow

10. SEQUENCE, p 175: COMMON LANGUAGE
FOR THE MAIN IDEA:
For events: A word or phrase that refers to a date, time or period:
1945, life, was born, history, began, career, a long time
For a process:
How to, doing, prepare, process, steps

11. SEQUENCE, p 175: COMMON LANGUAGE
FOR THE SUPPORTING DETAILS:
For events:
A date, a time, the age of a person, or phrases with time: early in the morning, two o’clock, for an hour
For a process:
Phrases that tell about the order of events or steps
First…, Second…, Then…, Next…, Finally…
before, while, now, after, last

12. COMPARISON, p. 179
A. Structure
B. Common language

13. COMPARISON, p. 179: STRUCTURE
Main idea (first sentence)
presents two or more things, people or ideas and says how they are similar, different or both
In most ways, Ukrainian cooking is different from Japanese cooking.
2. Supporting facts/details (remaining sentences)
 the specific similarities and/or differences between the two things compared

14. COMPARISON, p. 179: STRUCTURE
MAIN IDEA
usually includes the two things that will be compared and the fact that they are mostly similar, mostly different, or both (if the paragraph will discuss both)
SUPPORTING DETAILS
Words that show similarity:
alike, like, similar, same, also, both, too, in the same way, in common
Words that show difference:
different, unlike, but, however, although, while, whereas, on the other hand, in contrast, rather, instead

15. PROBLEM/SOLUTION, p. 184
A. Structure
B. Common language

16. PROBLEM/SOLUTION, p. 184: Structure
Main idea (first sentence)
presents a problem of some kind
In many developing countries, homes do not have electricity and people do not own refrigerators.
2. Supporting facts/details (remaining sentences)
 Explains and gives details about the problem, then explains and gives details about a solution to the problem

17. PROBLEM/SOLUTION, p. 184: COMMON LANGUAGE
Words that indicate a problem:
problem, situation, trouble, crisis, issue, question, dilemma
Words that indicate a solution:
solution, solve, resolution, resolve, decide