1. ANKLE JOINT Bony arrangement = stability
Ligaments play major role in stability
flexion = dorsiflexion
extension = plantar flexion
FIG 6.13 page 207

2. taxing the Eccentric Strength of Inversion Muscles

4. FIG 6.15 page 209 Inversion during Plantar Flexion
SUBTALAR JOINT
allows foot to navigate uneven surfaces
inversion (sole in) and eversion (sole out)
inversion with plantar flexion
eversion with dorsiflexion
FIG 6.15 page 209 Inversion during Plantar Flexion

5. Muscles of Ankle & Foot Strength important on all sides
Muscular imbalance = misalignment
misalignment = line of g eccentric to joints
weak dorsiflexors may cause shin splints
overdeveloped inversion/plantar flexion muscles = prone to lateral ankle sprains

6. Stretching Achilles Tendon
Preventative measure for shin splints
Achilles tendon = extension of both gastrocnemius and soleus muscles
2 dorsiflexion stretches: 1. with knee extended 2. with knee flexed

7. Plantar Fasciitis Overuse Syndrome injury
overload of stress at insertion of plantar surface fascia on calcaneous
chronic therapy involves: 1. Strengthen plantar & dorsiflexors 2. Increase ROM in dorsiflexion see page 210 re Kibler et al study

8. LOCOMOTION Walking Running
Long support phase [65%]
always support phase
Shorter support phase
non-support phase
F vertical = 3 x body wt

9. Ideal Alignments: LEG Lower extremities like columns supporting a roof
Ideally as vertically aligned and as straight as possible to support the forces from above
FIG 6.19 page 213

10. Ideal Alignments: FOOT
FIG 6.20 page 214
a is Ideal FIG 6.21

11. Leg Length Inequities Anatomical - due to bone structure
Functional - due to tilted pelvis
Environmental - due to uneven ground

12. TORSION Femoral Tibial
Tibia rotated lateral
lateral facing patella
frequent in MALES
treatment:
- muscular balance in all 3 hamstrings must be developed
Femur rotated medial
medial facing patella
frequent in FEMALES
treatment:
1. Strengthen lateral hip rotators
2. Stretch medial hip rotators

13. VARUS INWARD angle from proximal to distal lateral stress is proximal
medial stress is distal

14. VALGUS OUTWARD angle from proximal to distal medial stress is proximal
lateral stress is distal

15. Key Features of Good Shoes
Heel well cushioned
Heel Counter firm
Arch Support firm
Sole Width reasonable for stability
Forefoot flexible
Toe Box with reasonable room
Traction, Durability, Permeability