1. Chapter 4 Weathering and Soil Formation

2. Weathering breaks down rocks into smaller pieces 1. Mechanical weathering 2. Chemical weathering Weathering breaks down rocks into smaller pieces 1. Mechanical weathering 2. Chemical weathering

3. Mechanical weathering produces physical changes in rocks: Ice wedging Pressure release-causes rock to expand, cracking and leading to exfoliation Exfoliation-process in which layers of exfoliation rock gradually break off. Plant root growth Abrasion-wearing down by friction, the rubbing of one object or surface against another (example: running river)

4. Chemical weathering Breakdown of rocks by chemical reactions that change the rocks composition (what it is made of) Water (dissolving) Rusting

5. Weathering occurs at different rates Surface area-the more exposed area, the faster the break down of rock (chemical) Rock composition ex: Granite compared to limestone Climate: chemical weathering occurs in wet, hot areas faster than cold, dry regions Mechanical weathering caused by freezing and thawing

6. Weathering and organic processes form soil Soil- a mixture of weathered rock particles and other materials Humus-decayed organic (living things) in the soil

7. Soil formation is affected by: Rock in an area Climate: tropical, desert, temperate, artic Landforms: mountains and valleys Plant cover: provide organic matter Living organisms: microorganisms and animals Time

8. Soil composition Soil horizon-a layer of soil with properties that are different than the layers above and below it Soil profile- soil horizons in a specific area

9. Soil Properties Texture-determined by size of weathered rock particles it contains Color-most comes from iron and humus Pore space-the spaces between the particles Chemistry-minerals and organic nutrients (Does it react with water such as bubbling?)

10. Human activities Soil is a valuable resource for humans 1. Farming-soil loss and overgrazing results in desertification- expansion of desert in areas where natural plant cover has been destroyed 2. Construction and development 3. Mining Strip mining Open pit

11. Soil conservation Crop rotation Conservation tillage Terraces Contour plowing Windbreaks

12. Conservation tillage

13. Terraces

14. Contour plowing

15. Info for Soil lab Climate in Missouri- Temperate soils form in region with moderate rainfall and temperatures. Some temperate soils are dark-colored, rich in organic matter and minerals, and good for growing crops.

16. Soil Horizons The A horizon- is the upper layer of soil and is commonly called topsoil. It contains the most organic matter out of all the horizons due to the humus that it contains gives it the dark color (Moderate pore space).

17. The B Horizon This layer lies just below the A horizon. It has a little organic matter and is usually brownish or reddish color and contains clay (very little pore space for water) and minerals.

18. The C horizon This is the deepest layer of soil. This layer contains the largest and least-weathered rock particles. It is usually light yellowish brown (sand which has high amount of pore space).