1. Unit 2 Ancient Civilizations Egypt, India, Middle East and China

2. Egyptian – 6000 B.C. E Started farming – 4000 B.C.E. - 300 B.C.E. Major settlements Dates of Civilization

3. Major Rivers Egyptians – Nile – Flooding from June- September due to Ethiopian Highlands’ rain season.

4. Geographical Setting and Natural Barriers Egyptians –Nile River Flows South to North Wind blows North to South Several months of flooding 6 Cataracts –Narrow rock channel w/rapids –Impossible to navigate –Nubian and Libyan Deserts –Mediterranean and Red Seas –Well Protected

5. Written Language Egyptians –Hieroglyphics About 3000 BCE Carved in stone Scribes –Priests – read &write –for church & govt. Over 600 symbols –Pictures represent words & sounds –Papyrus used to make paper –Rosetta Stone Translate Hieroglyphics –1798 Hieroglyphics, Greek and Demonic(early Egyptian)

6. Civilizations Egyptian – Old Kingdom (2680-2180 BCE) Pharaoh – title given to rulers Pyramid Age, Sphinx How many pyramids do you think still stand today? Menes - United Upper and Lower Egypt – Middle Kingdom (Until 1650 BCE) “Golden Age” Prosperity and Stability, Increased trade – New Kingdom (Until 1080 BCE) Power and Size at its peak Great Pharaohs – regain absolute power Built Empire - Ruling over other ethnic groups & territories.

7. Religion Egyptian – Polytheistic Many Gods Amon Re - Sun God – The Creator Osiris - God of Nile – Judged you in the afterlife Gods associated with animals – Mummification – preparation for the afterlife – Afterlife – at first only for pharaoh, later believed for everyone. Book of the Dead – guide for the afterlife – Monotheistic Pharaoh changed his name to Akhenaton “He who is pleasing to Aton”

8. Government Egyptians – Dynasties Family of rulers Menes was the first – Pharaoh means ‘Great House’ Absolute control, ruler & owner of all, controlled trade – Area split into Provinces Officials were of Noble Class Collected taxes What do the provinces typically want to do when there is a weak pharaoh?

9. Leaders Egyptians –Menes United Egypt Improved irrigation & trade –Queen Hatshepsut First known female ruler –Akhenaton Amenhotep IV Forced Monotheism –Tutankhamen. Returned to polytheism –Ramses II Revived the Empire Last Great Pharaoh Built Temples & monuments

10. Social Classes Egyptians Old Kingdom – 2 Classes – Ruling class Pharaohs Priests, scribes Nobles/Govt. Officials – Lower Class Peasant farmers – owed service – Army or labor –Could improve status but not change class.

11. Achievements Egyptians – Hieroglyphics – Engineering Skills used to build Pyramids, Tombs, Canals – Land Surveying – 365 day Calendar – Medical Advances Surgery Setting of Bones –Chariot, Compound bow –Mined copper, made Bronze –Sculpture, pottery Hyksos Charioteer E gy pti an s – H i e r o g l y p h i c s – E n g i n e e r i n g S k i l l s u s e d t o b u i l d P y r a m i d s, T o m b s, C a n a l s – L a n d S u r v e y i n g – 3 6 5 d a y C a l e n d a r – M e d i c a l A d v a n c e s S u r g e r y S e t t i n g o f B o n e s –C h a r i o t, C o m p o u n d b o w –M i n e d c o p p e r, m a d e B r o n z e –S c u l p t u r e, p o t t e r y

12. REVIEW

13. Review Questions (20 points) 1.With what purpose would priests use hieroglyphic writing in government? 2.Based on how a pyramid is shaped, why are peasants/servants in the bottom section? 3.Why is Menes important? 4.Name 2 of the natural boundaries surrounding Egypt. 5.In the Old Kingdom, name 2 titles of the people (or groups) who were part of the ruling class. 6.What was the point of the book with which people buried their dead? 7.If the Nile River flows with a northbound current, why is it relatively easy for people to travel south? 8.How many pyramids still stand today in Egypt?