1. Self-Strengthening Movement (1861-1895)
Restore Qing Dynasty
Provincial Leadership
“Modernization”
Imperial Maritime Custom Revenues
Robert Hart ( )

2. Self-Strengthening Rationale
Ti (體) and Yong (用)
Chinese ethical principles of human relations and Confucian teachings
techniques of wealth and power. (Technology and institutions)

3. Growing Importance of Chinese Provincial officials
Zeng Guofan ( ) Hunan Army
Li Hongzhang ( ) Huai Army
Zuo Songtang ( )
Zhang Zhidong ( )
Zhang Zhidong

4. Restoration to Self-Strengthening
Zeng Guofan ( )
Revive Confucianism
Restore Traditional Schools
Jiangnan Arsenal
Yung Wing ( , Yale Graduate 1845)
Translation schools
Yung Wing (容閎)

5. Self-Strengthening (1861-1895)
Zuo Zongtang ( )
Suppression of Muslim Uprising
Fuzhou Shipyards
Nanyang (Southern) Fleet
Li Hongzhang ( ) Huai Army
Suppression of Nian
Tianjin Massacre, 1870
Beiyang (Northern) Fleet
Premier Diplomat
Industrial Enterprises, Railroads

6. Foreign Relations
Treaty of Tianjin (1858) and Convention of Peking (1860)
Zongli Yamen 1861
Prince Gong
International Law
W.A.P. Martin
Foreign Missionaries
Saving souls vs. modernization
Western Advisors
Customs Revenues
Treaty Temple Tianjin

7. Political Figures in Qing Court Late Nineteenth Century
Empress Dowager, Cixi ( )
Prince Gong ( )
Tongzhi Emperor (r )
Guangxu Emperor (r )
( “independent”)
Guangxu Emperor

8. Flaws in Self-Strengthening
Lack of strong emperor to lead
No coordination among self-strengtheners
Lack of institutional reform and exams
Foreign Hostilities

9. The French taking Bac Ninh in 1884
Foreign Hostilities
Anti-missionary violence (教案)
Tianjin Massacre 1870
Foreign Encroachment
Russia Ili
Treaty of St. Petersburg 1881
British colonize
Nepal, Burma
Sino-French War
Indochina
Sino Japanese War
Korea
The French taking Bac Ninh in 1884