1. Test 2 Review

2. Early Rome Early Romans – Romulus and Remus – Etruscan influence – Tarquin & Lucretia – Rebellion Senate Magistrates – Consul – Praetor – Proconsul – Propraetor – Dictator Imperium Struggle of Orders – Patricians – Plebeians Expansion – Etruscans – Samnite Wars Military reorganization – Greek Colonies

3. Punic Wars & Roman Culture 1 st Punic War – Sicily 2 nd Punic War – Hannibal – Scipio Africanus – Battle of Zama 3 rd Punic War – Cato the Elder – Scipio Amelianus Hellenistic Wars Maccabean Revolt – Hasmonean – Judah Maccabee – Seleucid Empire Religion – Greek Influence – Politics Mystery Religions Philosophy – Lucretius On the Nature of Things Epicureanism Cicero – “Father of Roman Eloquence” – Stoicism Roman Law – Law of the Twelve Tables

4. The Republic in Transition Drama – Platus – Terence Prose – Cato the Elder – On Agriculture Tradition vs. Hellenism – Cato the Elder – Scipio Amelianus Nobiles – Nobles Equites – Equestrians Latifundia The Gracchi – Tiberius Gracchus Public land to the poor – Gaius Gracchus Cheap grain Colonies Citizenship rights Marius – Land for Veterans Sulla – Civil War – Dictator for Life – Constitution

5. The First Triumvirate Third Servile War (71 BC) – The Gladiator Rebellion – Spartacus Pompey vs Crassus Judea – John Hyrcanus II Pharisees – Aristobulus II Sadducees First Triumvirate – Julius Caesar – Pompey – Crassus Crassus in Parthia Death of Julia Caesar's Civil War – Rubicon – Battle of Pharsalus – Pompey in Egypt – Cleopatra Caesar – Calendar – Reforms – Dictator for Life Brutus & Cassius – Caesar's Assasination

6. The Second Triumvirate & Empire Octavian Caesar – Julius Caesar’s Adopted son Mark Anthony – Julius Caesar’s second in command Marcus Lepidus – Julius Caesar’s monetary backer Second Triumvirate “Liberators‘” civil war Anthony & Cleopatra Propaganda campaign Anthony/Octavian's Civil War – Battle of Actium End of the Republic Octavian’s titles – Augustus – Imperator – Princeps – Pontifex Maximus Pax Romana

7. Empire & Christianity The Social Order – Senatorial Order – Equestrian Order – All other Citizens Religion – Julius Caesar – Roma Literature – Virgil The Aeneid – Livy Ab Urbe Condita Judea – Herod I – Zealots & Apocalyticism Christianity – Jesus of Nazareth – Spiritual Kingdom, not Earthly one – Jesus Crucified Belief in resurrection – Paul of Tarsus Christianity Vs. Pagan Cults

8. Early Empire Julio-Claudians – Augustus – Tiberius – Caligula – Claudius – Nero Government – Mixed titles Rebellions – Boudicca – First Jewish-Roman War The Year of Four Emperors Flavians – Vespasian – Titus – Domitian Government – More Imperator, Less Princeps – Monarchy in all but name “Bread and Circuses” Art – Realism Engineering – Aqueducts & Roads

9. Contemporaries of Rome Parthia – Ctesiphon – Persian Traditions – Replaced by Sassanids Manichaeism – Mix – Mani – Gnosticism Trade Empires – Bactria – Kushans China – Han Dynasty – Rebellion – Liu Bang – Wu-Di “The Martial Emperor” Centralization Expansion Roads & Canals Han Synthesis – Xiongnu invasions The Silk Road(s) – China to Mediterranean – Trade goods

10. The “Golden Age” of the Roman Empire & Decline Antonine Dynasty – Nerva – Trajan – Hadrian – Antonius Pius – Marcus Aurelius Meditations – Five Good Emperors Government – “Office of Principate” – Expansion to Defense Commodus End of Pax Romana Severan Dynasty – Military Dictators Age of the Barracks Emperors Barbarian & Sassanid Invasions

11. Late Empire Diocletian – Division of the Empire – The Tetrarchy – 2 Augustus – 2 Caesar – Economic Reforms – Great Persecution Early Church – Ekklesia – Bishops Monasticism – Eremitical – Coenobitic Constantine – Battle of Mivian Bridge – Edit Of Milan – Constantinople – Ties to Church Trinitarianism Vs. Arianism Council of Nicaea – Nicene Creed

12. Late Empire Visigoths – Fritigern v. Valens – Battle of Adrianople – Sacking of Rome (410) Alric I Theodosius – Christianity Official Religion – Empire Splits Eastern Roman Empire > Byzantine Empire Christian Literature – Jerome – Vulgate – Augustine Confessions City of God Patriarchs & Pope – Patriarchs Rome Antioch Alexandria Jerusalem Constantinople – Petrine Doctrine – Papal Primacy

13. End of the Western Empire and the Mayans The Hun Empire – Attilla the Hun Pope Leo I “The Great” Vandals Sack Rome (455) – Genseric Western Empire Ends – Romulus Augustus – Odovacar (Odoacer) “King of Italy” Maya – Yucatan – Olmec inheritance – Cocoa – Temples – Tikal – Chichén Itzá – Mathematics – Astronomy – Religion

14. Gupta, Axum, & Christendom India – Gupta Empire – Chandra Gupta – Kalidassa – Mahabharata Axum(Aksum) – Ezana – Christianity – “Solamaic” Dynasty – Ethiopia Germanic Tribes/Kingdoms – Comitatus - “war band” – Dooms of Ethelbert – Wergeld Ostrogoths – Theodoric Franks – Clovis – Christianity – Merovingian dynasty

15. Christian Missionaries & the Byzantine Empire Spread of Christianity – Three Ways Preaching Assimilation Penitential system Western Monasticism - Benedictine – Benedict of Nursia – Rule of Saint Benedict – Scholastica Cassiodorus – History of the Goths – Institutes Gregory I “The Great” – “Western Church” The Byzantine Empire – Justinian – Theodora – Conquests & Plague – Hagia Sophia – Recodification of Roman Law Corpus Juris Civilias – “body of civil law”