1. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint® Lectures Lectures by April Lynch Does Race Exist? Current Issues in Biology, Volume 2 Scientific American

2. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Concept Review Does Race Exist? Most common definitions of race are based on external features, such as skin color. But research reveals that races are not genetically discrete groups. Genetic differences can be used, however, to group populations for purposes such as medical relevance.

3. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Concept Review Does Race Exist? The genes of two people of the same “race” can be very different. Conversely, two people of different “races” can share more in common genetically than two individuals of the same “race.”

4. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Concept Review Does Race Exist? Scientists can sometimes use small genetic differences called polymorphisms to sort most large populations according to their ancestral geographic origin. One such polymorphism-based study identified five different groups with distinct geographic origins, including sub- Saharan Africans, Europeans, and East Asians.

5. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Concept Review Does Race Exist? The study was based on comparisons of short pieces of DNA called Alu polymorphisms.

6. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Concept Review Does Race Exist? These variations arose due to ancestral geographic isolation. These differences sometimes have medical implications. People with a particular variation may be more prone to a certain disease or have a unique response to a drug.

7. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Concept Review Does Race Exist? But scientists and doctors are still debating the full medical utility of genetic variations. It is not yet clear how medically significant some differences may be.

8. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Testing Your Comprehension Does Race Exist? According to scientists, which of these reliably defines race? a) culture b) skin color c) geographic origin d) none of the above

9. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Testing Your Comprehension Does Race Exist? According to scientists, which of these reliably defines race? d) none of the above

10. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Testing Your Comprehension Does Race Exist? How do geneticists determine the degree of relatedness among human groups? a) variations in the genes for skin color b) DNA polymorphisms c) variation in the chemistry of DNA bases d) none of the above

11. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Testing Your Comprehension Does Race Exist? How do geneticists determine the degree of relatedness among human groups? b) DNA polymorphisms

12. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Testing Your Comprehension Does Race Exist? Geneticists study the history of populations and the effect of natural selection by a) interviewing people about their ancestry. b) analyzing historical records and ancient burial sites. c) studying polymorphisms across populations. d) comparing the number of polymorphisms in a population.

13. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Testing Your Comprehension Does Race Exist? Geneticists study the history of populations and the effect of natural selection by c) studying polymorphisms across populations.

14. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Testing Your Comprehension Does Race Exist? At present, what factor is the major limiter in using genetic testing as a broad screening tool? a) concerns about privacy and consent b) validity of the information c) high cost of the screening d) all of the above

15. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Testing Your Comprehension Does Race Exist? At present, what factor is the major limiter in using genetic testing as a broad screening tool? d) all of the above

16. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Biology and Science Does Race Exist? Researchers have argued that outward signs of race are not adequate for distinguishing a person’s genetic characteristics. Their findings support efforts to heal racial divides. Strongly Agree Strongly Disagree A. E. C. B. D.

17. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Thinking About Science Does Race Exist? Some scientists now say that racial information has no valid place in medical research. Others say it does, as race is still a powerful social force. Describe at least one scientific claim that can be used by those on each side of the debate.