1. Modeling Techniques

2. Concepts of Modeling  Armatures: “framework, a material commonly of pliable metal or wood, employed to provide support for a wax restoration”  Analyze Before Modeling  Size, Position and Form

3. Concepts of Modeling (cont’d)  Landmarks of Size  Measurements in One Direction  Configuration to a Pattern  Rough Modeling

4. Concepts of Modeling (cont’d)  Smoothing a Wax Surface  Construction of Large Masses  Surface Depressions in Large Masses  Surface Corrections by Additions

5. Concepts of Modeling (cont’d)  Surface Corrections by Reduction  Modeling by Silhouette  Modeling the Profile  Modeling the Bilateral Form

6. Facial Proportions

7. Applications to RA  1) make comparisons between features and photographs/remains  2) similarities in size of features  3) differences in size relationships  4) derivations of size and form in absence of photographs

8. Canon of Beauty Canon of Ugliness

9. Horizontal Lines  1) Vertex of the Cranium  2) Base of the Chin  3) Line of Eye Closure  4) Normal Hairline  5) Eyebrow and Top of the Ear  6) Base of Nose and Base of Earlobe  7) Line of Closure of the Lips  8) Superior Border of the Chin

10. Vertical Lines  1) Medial End of Each Closed Eye  2) Extension from the Medial End of Each Eye to the Wings of the Nose  3) Lateral Corner of Each Closed Eye  4) Each Side of the Face as Located on the Photograph  5) Extension from the Middle of Each Eye to the Corners of the Mouth

11. Units of Measurement  1) width of the closed eye  2) length from the base of the nose to the eyebrow  3) head-lengths

12. Proportional Relationships  1) height of an adult  2) width of the face  3) distance from normal hairline to base of chin can be divided into 3 equal distances  4) distance from base of nose to base of chin can be divided into 3 equal distances

13. Proportional Rel’ps (cont’d)  5) top of ear on same horizontal plane as the eyebrows  6) bottom of ear on same horizontal plane as the base of the nose  7) line of lip closure lies halfway between base of the nose and top of the chin  8) eyes are halfway between vertex of cranium and the base of the chin

14. Proportional Rel’ps (cont’d)  9) face is 5 eyes wide at zygomatic arches  10) distance between eyes is 1 eye width  11) nose is 1 eye width  12) mouth is 2 eye widths  13) 4 equal distances: A) ear passage to ear passage A) ear passage to ear passage B) eyebrow to base of the chin B) eyebrow to base of the chin C) tip of nose to ear passage C) tip of nose to ear passage D) hairline to base of nose D) hairline to base of nose

15. Physiognomical Forms of the Ear  Parts of the Ear:  1) helix  2) crus of the helix  3) antihelix  4) crura of the antihelix  5) triangular fossa  6) scapha

16. Physiognomical Forms of the Ear (cont’d)  7) concha  8) tragus  9) antitragus  10) intertragic notch  11) lobe Form of the Mass of the Ear anatomical guides anatomical guides

17. Forms of the Parts of the Ear  Concha  Helix  Antihelix  Scapha  Lobe  Tragus  Antitragus  Intertragic Notch

18. Methods of Attachment  Basket-weave Suture (Cross Stitch)  Loop Stitch  Bent Wire Armature  Wax Support