1. Class 4 Hold onto your hypothetical executive summaries. You should have 3 hard copies & 1 electronic copy. Please turn in your code book, spreadsheets and Work Logs at the front table.

2. Class Agenda Dale Carnegie Speeches A Few Final Report Formatting Tips Research Methods Paper Meet with Supervisors on Ex. Summaries

3. Dale Carnegie Presentations Today Conor Sullivan Jack Donisch Nicholas Impson Arianna Rogers Celina Bridges Enith Sanchez Asha Shirwa Catherine Warren

4. Research Methods Any questions on questions 1-5? Review of questions 6-8

5. Question 6- Misleading Graphs Some statisticians manipulate the way data are presented Depending on the y-axis scale you use, you can make the difference between 2 bars or a spike in a line graph appear larger/smaller to the reader This effect is influenced by the following Whether or not the y-axis begins at 0 The size of the intervals Any “jumps” in the y-axis scale

6. Question 6- Misleading Graphs These 2 graphs present the same data but their scales are different.

7. A percentage is a way of expressing a number as a fraction out of 100 Scaling numbers involves converting raw numbers into rates A rate is the one number divided by the total of cases. Example, 5 out of 10 students are silly. It would read. 5 per 10 students are silly. Question 7- Scaling Numbers

8. Total Traffic Deaths, Selected States, 1985 Source: National Safety Council. The World Almanac and Book of Facts. New York: Newspaper Enterprise Association, 1986. p. 781. STATEDEATHS California4,999 New York2,065 Alabama939 Massachusetts663 New Mexico497

9. Scaling Numbers (not %) (ch.16) Allows you to compare items of different size Example Raw values make NY appear more dangerous to drive in than NM. But when shown as deaths per 100 million miles driven NM has a considerably higher rate. You may NOT use percentages. Total traffic deaths in selected states 1985 StateDeaths California4,999 New York2,065 Alabama939 Massachusetts663 New Mexico497 Traffic death rate per 100 million miles driven, 1985 StateDeaths / 100 mil. miles New Mexico4.3 Alabama3.1 California2.9 New York2.4 Massachusetts1.7

10. Problem with Percentages % of accidents per total miles New Mexico.000000043 New York.000000024% StateDeaths Per 100 mil. miles Total MilesPer total miles Percent per total miles CA 49992.9172,379,310,3450.0000000290.000290% NY 20652.486,041,666,6670.0000000240.000240% AL 9393.130,290,322,5810.0000000310.000310% MA 6631.739,000,000,0000.0000000170.000170% NM 4974.311,558,139,5350.0000000430.000430%

11. Question 8- Percentage Change Pgs. 88-89 & 198-200 in Maxwell Manual In order to see if a pattern exists in your data, you need to determine the percent change between years It gives you a precise indicator of the amount of change from one time period to the next Percent change = [(New figure – Old figure) / Old figure] x 100

12. Differences between two periods using percent change (show calculations) (ch.16) Percent Difference shows change between time periods Example: Number of felonies in NYC in 1981 was 637,451. There were 538,051 in 1984. HOW TO CALCULATE PERCENT CHANGE: New Figure – Original Figure * 100 = Percent Difference Original Figure INCLUDE IN YOUR PAPER: 1984 felonies – 1981 felonies * 100 = Percent Difference 1981 felonies 538,051 – 637,451 * 100 = -99,400 * 100 = -15.99% = -16% 637,451

13. Dale Carnegie 2/13 Coralis Rivera-Aponte Brenda Palacios Adam Pelner Allison Adams Edward Palmer Iasiah Jones

14. Meet with Supervisors Review of Executive Summaries

15. Hypothetical Executive Summary We’ll break into groups of two Circle any mistakes you find Choose best one to present to class

16. Go to MaxPal if you need to make major revisions to your executive summary Minor corrections can be written in by hand Turn in your paper today in the PAF office in the PAF INBOX (to the right of the desk) by 4:00PM! Hypothetical Executive Summary

17. Reminders Read Chapters 5-7 in “Is That a Fact?” If it’s ready, turn in your Exec Summary as you leave Due next class: Research Methods Paper (Complete using template) Due in 2 weeks 2/20 Revised/Updated Agenda & Contact Log