1. A presentation on: Pattern Recognition Satosi Watanabe’s interpretation of Pattern Recognition: Human and Mechanical Dana Vigran

2. What Is a Pattern?  Watanabe describes a pattern as the opposite of chaos  An entity  Anything that could be given a name or a specific description  Any image that we recognize is a pattern

3. How Many Patterns Can You See at One Time?  Two or more patterns can exist within on image or thing  Humans can only actively see one pattern at a time  Examples of this are visual illusions

4. What Do You See?

5. Again, What Do You See?

6. Classes  The Human brain separates things out into classes or families  These categories are the way that we learn  Dog example: If a child has never seen an animal before, and the mother shows her child three or four dogs, the child can then look at any animal and say whether or not it is a dog.

7. Paradigm Oriented Pattern Recognition  In the case of pattern recognition, a paradigm=an individual object standing for a class  Each paradigm has a “domain of similarity” that determines what does or does not belong to the same class as the paradigm.  There are two extreme examples of what a paradigm’s “domain of similarity” might look like

8. Domain of Similarity  Example #1: In the most simplistic scenario, a paradigm’s domain of similarity would encompass everything in it’s class.

9. Domain of Similarity cont.  Example #2: In the most complex scenario, each paradigm’s domain of similarity would only encompass one other example from it’s class, so effectively, the paradigm’s would be linked.

10. Stages of Paradigm Oriented Pattern Recognition  There are two main stages of paradigm oriented pattern recognition.  Stage #1: the “tutorial stage” or “learning stage” during which the machine (or human) is shown paradigms and has to determine the class domain  Stage #2: the “application stage” or “decision stage” in which the machine is shown a newcomer whose class belonging is not known and has to make the decision as to the class affiliation.

11. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov  Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849-1936) was a scientist whose study of the digestive system led him to study reflexes as well  Famous example of Pavlov’s dog

12. Pavlovian Generalization  Further studies were done in the style of Pavlov’s dog, and as long as stimulus S was given, the reaction R would be the same  Then, if a stimulus similar to S, S` was given instead, R would be the same  This shows a different type of pattern recognition: the similarity between S and S` was recognized and generalized so that the same output, R, was given

13. Human vs. Mechanical  Current study in pattern recognition focuses on human cognitive capabilities  A general interest in a more detailed and intricate knowledge of the brain

14. Mechanical Uses  Current mechanical applications are a little bit mundane  Examples:  Vocal recognition programs  Text sorting (spam in email etc…) Recognition of faces that we talked about in class.

15. Is Everything Pattern Recognition?  Watanabe argues that pattern recognition is the basic foundation for the working of the brain  Pattern recognition can be applied to abstract concepts as well as concrete categories  After stating these points, Watanabe says “Therefore, we cannot condemn some of the enthusiastic experts of pattern recognition claiming that all intellectual acts are pattern recognition.”

16. The Future of Pattern Recognition…  Computer’s have efficiently mastered some forms of pattern recognition  If all intellectual activity is made up of pattern recognition, might further development of pattern recognition be another route to artificial intelligence?