1. Institute for Microbiology, Medical Faculty of Masaryk University and St. Anna Faculty Hospital in Brno Miroslav Votava MICROBIOLOGY AND MEDICINE The 1st lecture for 2nd-year students February 18, 2008

2. What is the Medical Microbiology? Medical microbiology = complex of sciences about microorganisms (microbes) that are of significance in medicine Therefore, medical microbiology deals with: a)microbes called pathogenic which cause diseases of man or animals b)microbes which form so called normal microflora of human beings and animals c)mutual relationships between microbes and their host d)relations between the microbes and the environment

3. Different kinds of microbiology Actually, there are two kinds of medical microbiology: human and veterinary one But most often medical microbiology is considered as a science about microbes important for human medicine only A part of medical microbiology which deals with the etiology, pathogenesis and diagnostics of diseases caused by microbes is called clinical microbiology Besides medical microbiology, there are: Sanitary microbiology Environmental microbiology (of soil, water, plants etc.) Food microbiology Other kinds of industrial microbiology

4. Division of microbiology bacteria bacteriologybacteria bacteriology micromycetes (moulds & yeasts) mycologymicromycetes (moulds & yeasts) mycology (algae) ( algology)(algae) ( algology) parasites parasitologyparasites parasitology –protozoa protozoology –helminths helminthology –arthropods entomology viruses virologyviruses virology general microbiology × special microbiology

5. What should we know about the microbe X ? – I 1. Classification, morphology, structure Is it a bacterium, a yeast, or a protozoon? Bacterium: is it G+, G-, or does it stain differently? Is it a coccus, rod, filament, spiral? How are they arranged? In pairs, chains, clumps, palisades? Do they produce spores, capsules, granules? 2. Physiology, biochemistry, genetics, tenacity Is it an anaerobe? Has it got any important biochemical property? Is it interesting from the point of genetics? Is it tenacious, or delicate?

6. What should we know about the microbe X ? – II 3. Antigenic structure Does the microbe exist in one or several antigenic types? 4. Pathogenicity Which disease or syndromes does it cause? What are their Latin names? 5. Pathogenesis What is the port of entry, dissemination through the body, excretion from it? How do the symptoms develop? What are the main factors of pathogenicity? 6. Immunity Does it form at all? Transient, or lifelong? Humoral, or cellular one?

7. What should we know about the microbe X ? – III 7. Epidemiology Source of infection: man, animal, environment? Way of transmission? 8. Prevention or prophylaxis Do we vaccinate, or do we immunize passively? Type of vaccine: attenuated, inactivated, toxoid? 9. Therapy What is the drug of choice? If an antibiotic, which one?

8. What should we know about the microbe X ? – IV 10. Laboratory diagnostics Detection of the microbe – direct or indirect one? If the direct one, what sample is taken from the patient? the patient? How is it examined? How is it examined? If by culture, is a special medium needed? If by culture, is a special medium needed? How is the isolated strain identified? How is the isolated strain identified? If the indirect one, is a special serologic reaction needed? needed? What is considered to be the positive result? What is considered to be the positive result?

9. Anniversaries 2008 – I 605 1403 Venice, the 1 st hospital for infect. diseases 340 1668 Antony van Leeuwenhoek began with microscopy microscopy 190 1818 † Ignaz Semmelweis (hand disinfection) 185 1823 † Edward Jenner (smallpox vaccination) 170 1836 Schönlein: a mould in hair during favus 165 1843 * Robert Koch (agents of TBC and cholera) 155 1853 * Hans Christian Gram (Gram stain) * Émile Roux (diphtheria antitoxin) * Émile Roux (diphtheria antitoxin) 125 1883 Fehleisen: streptococci (erysipelas) 110 1898 Shiga: shigellae, agents of dysentery Beijerinck: term „virus“ Beijerinck: term „virus“

10. Anniversaries 2008 – II 105 1903 Metchnikoff & Roux: syphilis → monkey Negri: Negri bodies in brain of rabid dogs Negri: Negri bodies in brain of rabid dogs Wright: opsonin (vital for phagocytosis) Wright: opsonin (vital for phagocytosis) 100 1908 Mantoux: skin (tuberculine) tests for TBC Ehrlich & Metchnikoff: Nobel Prize for Ehrlich & Metchnikoff: Nobel Prize for works on immunity works on immunity 95 1913 Prowazek & Rocha da Lima: rickettsiae 85 1923 Ramon: diphtheria anatoxin (toxoid) Dept. of Microbiology in St. Anna Hospital Dept. of Microbiology in St. Anna Hospital founded founded 80 1928 Fleming: penicillin discovered Nicolle: Nobel Prize for typhus fever Nicolle: Nobel Prize for typhus fever

11. Anniversaries 2008 – III 75 1933 Smith, Andrewes & Laidlow: influenza virus isolated on ferrets isolated on ferrets 60 1948 Müller: Nobel Prize for discovery of DDT oxytetracyclin discovered oxytetracyclin discovered growing of viruses on cell cultures began growing of viruses on cell cultures began 55 1953 Rowe et al.: adenoviruses isolated Salk: inactivated poliovaccine Salk: inactivated poliovaccine 60 1958 Beadle et al.: Nobel Prize for works on bacterial genetics bacterial genetics 45 1963 Blumberg: AuAg discovered (now HBsAg) 15 1993 Nobel Prize for PCR and for introns

12. Anniversaries 2009 – I 335 1674 Protozoa first seen by van Leeuwenhoek 260 1749 * Edward Jenner, founder of vaccination against smallpox against smallpox 145 1864 Pasteur discovered that wine is spoiled by microbes microbes 130 1879 Neisser discovered gonococci 125 1884 Löffler & Klebs: agent of diphtheria Eberth & Gaffky: agent of typhoid fever Eberth & Gaffky: agent of typhoid fever Metchnikoff described phagocytosis Metchnikoff described phagocytosis Gram described „Gram staining“ Gram described „Gram staining“ 115 1894 Kitasato & Yersin: agent of plague

13. Anniversaries 2009 – II 90 1919 Bordet: Nobel prize for discovery of 90 1919 Bordet: Nobel prize for discovery of BWR, complement, agent of pertussis BWR, complement, agent of pertussis 70 1939 Domagk: effect of sulphonamides on 70 1939 Domagk: effect of sulphonamides on gonococci gonococci 65 1944 Waksman discovered streptomycin 65 1944 Waksman discovered streptomycin 55 1954 Salk: inactivated vaccine against polio 55 1954 Salk: inactivated vaccine against polio Enders et al. grew poliovirus on cell culture Enders et al. grew poliovirus on cell culture 20 1989 Bishop & Varmus: Nobel prize for discovery 20 1989 Bishop & Varmus: Nobel prize for discovery of cell origin of retroviral oncogenes of cell origin of retroviral oncogenes

14. Recommended teaching material 1) Basic textbook Greenwood et al.: Medical Microbiology, 17th Ed., 2007 Alternatives Murray et al.: Medical Microbiology Mims et al.: Medical Microbiology 2) Lecture notes 3) List of questions 4) Protocols from practical exercises

15. Additional reading material Paul de Kruif: Microbe Hunters Could you kindly supply me with some other work in connection with microbes? Please mail me the name of the author and of the book at: mvotava@med.muni.cz Thank you for your attention