1. What materials erupt from Volcano? Gases Molten Rock Solid Fragments
Volcano Notes
What materials erupt from Volcano?
Gases
Molten Rock
Solid Fragments

2. GASES STEAM is most abundant, 66% Other gases CO2, N, S, H, Cl, Ar, F
White clouds: indicate STEAM
Bluish/brown: indicate SULFUR

3. FUMAROLE Crack in a volcano Temps range 200-400 degrees
Alaska’s Valley of 10,000 Smokes
SOLFATARA: special fumarole, releases SULFUR

4. Gases: determine eruption
EXPLOSIVE: thick magma, trapped gases, Ex: Mt Pelee
GENTLE: magma is fluid, gases can escape, Ex: Hawaii

5. Trapped gases underground
HOT SPRINGS form when groundwater boils
GEYSER is special type that erupts periodically

6. MOLTEN ROCK MAGMA: melted rock below the earth’s surface
LAVA: melted rock above the earth’s surface

7. Types: AA: rough, jagged, sharp lava
PAHOEHOE: smooth, satin-like, ropey lava

8. Examples: PILLOW LAVA: forms when lava flows into the ocean
PILLAR LAVA: as lava cools, surface shrinks, forms hexagonal columns

9. SOLID FRAGMENTS DUST: smallest ASH: next largest LAPILLI: grape-sized
CINDERS: glassy
BOMBS: tear-dropped
BLOCK: largest
TUFF: combination
PUMICE: light gray rock, floats
SCORIA: heavier, more red

10. Lapilli, Bomb, Pumice, Block

11. NUEE ARDENTE A mixture of steam, other gases, pumice, ash
Flows down hill like an avalanche

12. Sources of Magma BATHOLITH: larger than 40 square mi
STOCK: less than 40 square mi
LACCOLITH: Domed surface
DIKE: vertical intrusion
SILL: horizontal intrusion
PIPE: connects
NECK: center of cone
DOME: may form

13. FISSURE or RIFT Crack in the surface of earth Magma escapes
May be miles long

14. Top of Volcano:
CONE: visible part of volcano, the rim is called the crater
If rim collapses and enlarges it is called a CALDERA