1. U.S. History 1877-Present 1 st Quarter Benchmark Test Review Power Point

2. USII.2a: The Great Plains 1. Physical features and climate of the Great Plains: Flatlands that rise gradually from east to west Land eroded by wind and water Frequent dust storms Low rainfall

3. USII.2a: The Great Plains 2. Technological advances allowed people to live in more challenging environments. 3. Because of new technologies, people saw the Great Plains not as a “treeless wasteland”, but a vast area to be settled.

4. USII.2a: The Great Plains 4.The 8 inventions/adaptations of the Great Plains: *barbed wire*beef cattle raising *steel plows*wheat farming *dry farming*windmills *sod houses*railroads

5. USII.2b: Advances in Transportation 5.Advances in transportation linked resources, products, and markets by: a. Moving natural resources such as copper and lead to eastern factories. b. Moving iron ore deposits to sites of steel mills in Pittsburgh c. Transporting finished products to national markets.

6. USII.2b: Advances in Transportation 6.Three examples of manufacturing areas that were located near centers of population included: a. Textile in New England (Northeast) b. Automobile in Detroit (Midwest) c. Steel in Pittsburgh (Northeast)

7. USII. 2c: States and Regions 7.States in the Northeast: (9) MaineRhode Island VermontNew York New HampshireNew Jersey ConnecticutPennsylvania Massachusetts

8. USII.2c: States and Regions 8.States in the Southeast: (14) MarylandSouth Carolina DelawareGeorgia West VirginiaFlorida VirginiaAlabama KentuckyMississippi TennesseeLouisiana North CarolinaArkansas

9. USII.2c: States and Regions 9.States in the Midwest region: (12) OhioIowa IndianaMissouri IllinoisKansas MichiganNebraska WisconsinSouth Dakota MinnesotaNorth Dakota

10. USII.2c: States and Regions 10.States in the Southwest: (4) Texas Oklahoma New Mexico Arizona

11. USII.2c: States and Regions 11.States in the Western/Rocky Mountain region: (6) ColoradoMontana UtahWyoming NevadaIdaho

12. USII.2c: States and Regions 12. States in the Pacific region: (3) Washington Oregon California

13. USII.2c: States and Regions 13.States in the Noncontiguous region: (2) Alaska Hawaii

14. USII.2c: States and Regions 14.Region for each city: a.Honolulu: Noncontiguous b.New York: Northeast c.Los Angeles: Pacific d.Washington D.C.: Southeast e.Denver: Western/Rocky Mountain f.San Antonio: Southwest

15. USII.2c: States and Regions 14. Continued g.Chicago: Midwest h.Boston: Northeast i.Pittsburgh: Northeast j.St. Louis: Midwest k.Atlanta: Southeast l.Philadelphia: Northeast

16. USII.2c: States and Regions 14.Continued m.Juneau: Noncontiguous n.Salt Lake City: Western/Rocky Mountain o.Detroit: Midwest p.New Orleans: Southeast q.Santa Fe: Southwest r.San Francisco: Pacific s.Suffolk: Southeast

17. USII.3a Reconstruction 15.Reconstruction took place after the Civil War. 16. The 13 th Amendment banned slavery in the United States and any of its territories. 17. The 14 th Amendment granted citizenship to all persons born in the United States and guarantees them equal protection under the law.

18. USII.3a Reconstruction continued 18.The 15 th Amendment ensures all citizens the right to vote regardless of race or color or previous condition of servitude. 19. The 13 th, 14 th, and 15 th Amendments guarantee equal protection under the law for ALL citizens.

19. USII.3b Reconstruction Policies and Problems 20. Reconstruction policies were harsh and created problems in the South. 21. Reconstruction attempted to give meaning to the freedom that the former enslaved African Americans had achieved.

20. USII.3b Reconstruction Policies and Problems 22.Reconstruction policies and problems included: a.Southern military leaders could not hold office. b.African Americans could hold public office. c. African Americans gained equal rights as a result of the Civil Rights Act of 1866, which authorized the use of federal troops for its enforcement.

21. USII.3b Reconstruction Policies and Problems continued: d. Northern soldiers supervised the South e. Freedman’s Bureau was established to aid former enslaved African American in the South. f. Southerners resented northern “carpetbaggers”, who took advantage of the South during Reconstruction.

22. USII.3b Reconstruction Policies and Problems continued: 23.Reconstruction ended with the Election of 1876. a. Federal troops were removed. b. Rights that African Americans gained were lost through black codes.

23. USII.3c: The Legacy of Abraham Lincoln, Robert E. Lee, and Frederick Douglass 24.The actions of Abraham Lincoln, Robert E. Lee, and Frederick Douglass created lasting impacts. 25. Abraham Lincoln: a.Reconstruction plan called for reconciliation. b.Preservation of the Union was more important than punishing the South.

24. USII.3c: The Legacy of Abraham Lincoln, Robert E. Lee, and Frederick Douglass continued 26.Robert E. Lee: a. Urged Southerners to reconcile at the end of the war and reunite as Americans when some wanted to continue to fight. b. Became president of Washington College which is now known as Washington and Lee University.

25. USII.3c: The Legacy of Abraham Lincoln, Robert E. Lee, and Frederick Douglass continued 27.Frederick Douglass: a.Fought for adoption of constitutional amendments that guaranteed voting rights. b. Had a powerful voice for human rights and civil liberties for all.

26. USII.4a Westward Expansion 28. New opportunities and technological advances led to westward migration following the Civil War.

27. USII.4a Westward Expansion 29. The 5 reasons for westward expansion: *Opportunities for land ownership *Technological advances, including the Transcontinental Railroad *Possibility of wealth created by the discovery of gold and silver *Adventure *A new new beginning for former slaves, also called Exodusters.

28. USII.4a Westward Expansion continued 30.The Impact on American Indians: a. Opposition by American Indians to westward expansion (Battle of Little Big Horn, Sitting Bull, and Geronimo). b. Forced relocation from traditional lands to reservations (Chief Joseph, Nez Perce’). c. Reduced population through warfare and disease (Battle of Wounded Knee).

29. USII.4a Westward Expansion continued d. Assimilation attempts and lifestyle changes, e.g. reduction of buffalo population. e. Reduced their homeland through treaties that were broken. f. American Indians were not considered citizens until 1924.

30. Westward Expansion (continued) g. Indian policies and wars -land set aside for Native Americans called reservations -last victory for the native Americans: Battle of Little Bighorn -led his people to Canada to escape living on reservations: Chief Joseph

31. USII.4b: Immigration 31. Reasons for increased immigration were: H ope for better opportunities E scape from oppressive governments A dventure R eligious Freedom

32. USII.4b: Immigration 32. The 3 reasons why cities developed: *Specialized industries - steel -Pittsburgh - meatpacking -Chicago *Immigration from other countries *Movement of Americans from rural to urban areas for job opportunities

33. USII.4b: Immigration 33. Inventions that created great change and industrial growth in the United States: * lighting and mechanical uses of electricity -Thomas Edison * telephone service - Alexander Graham Bell

34. USII.4b: Immigration 34. Population changes, growth of cities, and new inventions produced interaction and often conflict between different cultural groups.

35. USII.4b: Immigration 35. Population changes, growth of cities, and new inventions produced problems in urban areas.

36. USII.4b: Immigration 36. Inventions had both POSITIVE and NEGATIVE effects on society.

37. USII.4b: Immigration 37. Rapid industrialization and urbanization led to overcrowded immigrant neighborhoods and tenements.

38. USII.4b: Immigration 38. Efforts to solve immigration problems included: *Settlement houses such as Hull House, founded by Jane Addams *Political machines (politicians) that gained power by attending to the needs of new immigrants

39. USII.4b: Immigration 39. Challenges faced by cities: *Overcrowded and run-down neighborhoods called tenements and ghettos *Political corruption by political machines

40. USII.4b: Immigration 40. Continued Interaction and conflict between different cultural groups: *Discrimination against immigrants: -Chinese -Irish

41. USII.4c: Jim Crow 41. Discrimination against African Americans continued after Reconstruction. 42. Racial segregation is: *based upon race *directed primarily against African Americans, but other groups were also kept segregated

42. USII.4c: Jim Crow 43. “Jim Crow” laws were passed to discriminate against African Americans. Although these laws were legal in many communities and states, they were enforced primarily in the Southeast region.

43. USII.4c: Jim Crow 44. “Jim Crow” laws were characterized by unequal opportunities in housing, work, education, and government.

44. USII.4c: Jim Crow 45. African American responses included: *Booker T. Washington -believed equality could be achieved through vocational education; accepted social separation *W.E.B. Du Bois -believed in full political, civil, and social rights for African Americans

45. USII.4d: Big Business 46. Between the Civil War and WWI, the United states was transformed from an agricultural nation to an industrial nation.

46. USII.4d: Big Business 47. The 4 Reasons for the Rise and Prosperity of Big Business: *National markets created by transportation advances *Captains of Industry: John D. Rockefeller, Oil Andrew Carnegie, Steel Henry Ford, Automobile Cornelius Vanderbilt, Shipping & Railroads *Advertising *Lower-cost production

47. USII.4d: Big Business 48. The 4 factors resulting in the growth of industry: *Access to raw materials and energy *Availability of the work force *Inventions *Financial resources provided by the captains of industry

48. USII.4d: Big Business 49. Examples of Big Business: *Railroads *Oil *Steel

49. USII.4d: Big Business 50.Industrialization and the rise in big business influenced life on American farms by: *Mechanization (the reaper ) which reduced farm labor needs and increased production *Industrial development in cities created increased labor needs *Industrialization provided access to consumer goods, such as mail order

50. Now, check your map:

51. Can you name the region for each significant city shown?

52. Study and do your VERY BEST!