1. Respiratory System Health Science I

2. Structures of Upper Respiratory System Nose Sinuses Pharynx Epiglottis Larynx Trachea

3. The Nose Nasal Cavity- space behind the nose Nasal Septum-divides nasal cavities into R and L sides Turbinates-bones that protrude into nasal cavity, increase surface Cilia-the hairs in your nose, trap larger dirt particles

4. The Sinuses Cavities in the skull, ducts connect them to the nasal cavity, lined with mucous membrane to warm and moisten the air ▫Frontal ▫Maxillary ▫Ethmoid ▫Sphenoid Gives voice resonance

5. The Pharynx Throat Passageway for air and food, about 5” long ▫Nasopharynx- above and behind soft palate, Eustachian tubes open in this ▫Oropharynx- oral part of the mouth ▫Laryngopharynx ▫Epiglottis- cartilage flap that prevents food from entering trachea

6. The Larynx Voice box is the triangular chamber below pharynx vocal cords or glottis ▫Sound is formed by vibrations Adam’s Apple

7. The Trachea Windpipe; 4 ½ in. long Walls are alternate bands of membrane and C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage – to keep trachea open Lined with ciliated mucous membrane Coughing gets rid of dust-laden mucous Branches off L and R

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9. Structures of the Lower Respiratory System Lungs Pleura Mediastinum

10. The Lungs Cone shaped organs which fill the thoracic cavity Upper part = apex Lower part = base Lung tissue porous and spongy R Lung has 3 lobes L lung has 2

11. The Lungs Bronchi ▫similar to trachea with ciliated mucous membrane and hyaline cartilage Bronchial tubes ▫cartilaginous plates Bronchioles ▫thinner walls of smooth muscle, lined with ciliated epithelium Alveoli

12. The Lungs Alveoli ▫O 2 and CO 2 exchange takes place between the alveoli and capillaries ▫Inner surfaces covered with surfactant to keep alveoli from collapsing ▫Surrounded by capillaries

13. The Pleura Thin, moist slippery membrane that covers lungs Double-walled sac ▫Parietal pleura ▫Visceral pleura ▫Pleural fluid is between Pleural cavity is space where lungs sit ▫filled with pleural fluid to prevent friction

14. The Mediastinum Interpleural space, between the lungs Contains the thymus, aorta, pulmonary artery and veins, superior/inferior vena cava, esophagus, trachea, thoracic duct, lymph nodes and vessels

16. Diaphragm From muscular system Aids with breathing, lung expansion and contraction

17. What is the Function of the…. Nose Sinuses Pharynx Epiglottis Larynx Trachea Lungs Pleura Mediastinum

18. Functions of the Respiratory System Respiration Production of sound

19. Respiration Allows the exchange of gases Inspiration ▫Intercostal muscles lift ribs outward, sternum rises and the diaphragm contracts and moves downward increasing lung volume Expiration ▫Intercostal muscles depress ribs inward, sternum lowers and the diaphragm relaxes and moves upward decreasing lung volume

20. Respiration 1 inspiration + 1 expirations = 1 respiration Normal adult = 14 - 20 respirations per minute Increases with exercise, body temperature, certain diseases. Age - newborn = 40-60/min Sleep = respirations  Emotion can  or  rate

21. Calculate Your Respirations

22. Situations That Alter Respirations Coughing ▫deep breath followed by forceful expulsion of air – to clear lower respiratory tract Hiccups ▫spasm of the diaphragm and spasmodic closure of the glottis – irritation to diaphragm or phrenic nerve

23. Situations That Alter Respirations Sneezing ▫air forced through nose to clear respiratory tract Yawning ▫deep prolonged breath that fills the lungs, increases oxygen within the blood

24. Control of Breathing Neural Factors ▫Medulla Oblongata  Respiratory center located   on CO 2 or  O 2 in the blood will trigger respiratory center ▫Phrenic nerves  stimulates the diaphragm ▫Vagus nerve  Stimulates nose, larynx, lungs

26. Control of Breathing Chemical Factors ▫Depends on the levels of CO 2 in the blood ▫Chemoreceptors in aorta and carotid arteries sensitive to the amount of blood O 2 ▫^ in CO2 = ^ breathing

27. Types of Breathing Apnea- temporary stop breathing Dyspnea-difficult or labored breathing Eupnea- normal breathing Hyperpnea- increased depth and rate Orthopnea- difficult breathing when horizontal Tachypnea- rapid shallow breathing Hyperventilation- rapid breathing

28. Lung Capacity and Volume Spirometer ▫Measures volume of air during respiration

29. Lung Capacity and Volume Tidal Volume ▫Amount of air move in and out of lungs w/ each breath~500mL Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) ▫Amount of air you can force a person to take in over tidal volume~2100-3000mL Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) ▫Amount of air you can force a person to expel over tidal volume~1000mL

30. Lung Capacity and Volume Vital Lung Capacity ▫Tidal volume + IRV + ERV~ 4500mL Residual Volume ▫Amount of air that cannot be voluntarily expelled~1500mL Functional Residual Capacity ▫ERV + residual volume~2500mL Total Lung Capacity ▫Tidal volume +IRV + ERV + residual volume ~6000mL

31. Respiratory System Disorders Asthma Bronchitis Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Common cold Emphysema Influenza Pneumonia Pneumothorax Sinusitis Tuberculosis

32. Asthma Inflammatory airway obstruction Caused by allergen or psychological stress 5% of US population has asthma Symptoms include wheezing, dyspnea, difficulty exhaling and chest tightness Treatment is anti- inflammatory meds, inhaled bronchodilators

33. Bronchitis Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the trachea and bronchial tubes, producing excessive mucous, chronic or acute Symptoms-cough, fever, substernal pain and RALES (raspy sound) Chronic- last for 3 months for 2 consecutive years, cure is to stop smoking

34. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease COPD Term used to indicate chronic lung conditions ▫Emphysema ▫Chronic bronchitis

35. Common cold Contagious viral respiratory infection Indirect causes - chilling, fatigue, lack of proper food, and not enough sleep Treatment-stay in bed, drink warm liquids and fruit juice, good nutrition AKA Upper Respiratory Infection (URI) Handwashing – best preventative measure

36. Emphysema Alveoli become over-dilated, lose elasticity, can’t rebound, may rupture Air is trapped, can’t exhale – forced exhalation required Reduced exchange of O 2 and CO 2 Dyspnea increases as disease progresses Treatment ▫alleviate the symptoms, decrease exposure to respiratory irritants, prevent infections, restructure activities to prevent need for O 2

37. Influenza Viral infection causing inflammation of the mucous membrane Fever, mucopurulent discharge, muscular pain, extreme exhaustion Complications – pneumonia, neuritis, otitis media and pleurisy Treatment is to treat the symptoms

38. Pneumonia Infection of the lung Caused by bacteria or virus Alveoli fill with exudates (thick fluid) Symptoms – chest pain, fever, chills, dyspnea Treatment – O 2 and antibiotics

39. Pneumothorax Collapsed lung Buildup of air in pleural cavity Unaffected lung still works Caused by trauma to chest wall or lung disease (COPD, CF) Treatment- small will heal self large require chest tube

40. Sinusitis Infection of mucous membrane that lines sinus cavities Caused by bacteria or virus Symptoms – headache or pressure, thick nasal discharge, loss of voice resonance Rx – symptomatic, surgery for chronic sinusitis

41. Tuberculosis Infectious bacterial lung disease Tubercles (lesions) form in the lungs Symptoms: cough, low grade fever in the afternoon, weight loss, night sweats Diagnosis – TB skin test If skin test positive – follow up with chest x-ray and sputum sample RX – antibiotics

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