1. Logos

2.  provide hard evidence whenever possible  Loosely translates as “logic”

3.  Incorporate inductive or deductive reasoning  Create a syllogism  Cite traditional culture  Cite commonly held beliefs  Allude to history, religious texts, great literature, mythology  Employ various modes of discourse for specific effects  Provide testimony  Draw analogies / create metaphors  Order chronologically  Provide evidence  Classify evidence  Cite authorities  Quote research  Use facts  Theorize about cause and effect  Argue from precedent