1. Methods in pathology Autopsy: Autopsy: An examination of a dead body was done by cutting it open to discover the cause of death.

3. Biopsy

4. Extracted from CIBA COLLECTION MEDICAL ILLUSTRATIONS An examination of pathologic samples from living body to set up diagnosis

5. Cellular examination

6. Animal experimentation

7. Se-deficiency animal model National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30170832 ) Su Min, Zhang Rui- Juan et al.

8. Tissue and cell culture

9. One Newly Established esophageal carcinoma(EC) Cell Line CSEC-215 from EC patient in Chaoshan Region of China. Lu Shan-Ming, Su Min et al.

10. Neural stem cell National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30170832 ) Tian Dong-Ping, Su Min et al.

11. Immunohistochemistry and immuno- cytochemistry

12. Esophageal carcinoma E-cad + in membrane Wu Ming-Yao et al. GFAP+ in cytoplasm of neuroglia cell. Tian Dong-Ping, Su Min et al. Fos+ in nucleus

13. Electron microscopic examination

14. Atypia of tumor cells(Pleomorphism of nuclei) in CSEC-215 generation 13 EM×3000

15. Confocal laser scanning microscopic examination

16. neuron nuclear division DNA content Confocal laser scanning microscopy three-dimensional

17. In situ hybridization In situ hybridization

19. Chromosome analysis & Gene clone

21. Biochip

22. 基因芯片 （引自陆祖宏教授课件）

23. 组织芯片 （苏敏 李军提供）