1. Muslim Civilizations

2. Followers called Muslims Emerged in the Arabian Peninsula Muhammad  Born in Mecca AD 570  Age 40 became the prophet of Islam called by the angel Gabriel

3. Muslim Civilizations Islam  Monotheistic  Quran – sacred text Word of God as revealed to Mohammed  Mosque – house of worship  Key Duties Five Pillars of Islam  Declaration of faith  Pray 5 times daily  Give charity to the poor  Fast during Ramadan  Hajj – pilgrimage to Mecca Sharia – Islamic system of law  Governs daily life

4. Muslim Civilizations Muslim Empire  Leadership Caliph – successor to Mohammed Victories  Persian Empire  Byzantine Empire Crusades Division  Split into Sunni and Shiite Choosing Muhammad’s successor

5. Muslim Civilizations Beliefs of Sunnis and Shiites  Sunni Any pious male Muslim from Muhammad’s tribe may lead Leaders have no religious duties or powers  Shiites Only descendants of Ali, Muhammad’s son-in-law, may lead Leaders are divinely inspired and interpret the Quran  Both Differing religious practices, laws, and rules for daily life Worship the same God Believe in the Quran and Five Pillars of Islam

6. Muslim Civilizations Social and economic advances  Excelled in business, literature, arts, and sciences  Build international trade network Social mobility  Change rank in scholarly, religious, and military achievements Learning  Study philosophy, math, and medicine  Translate ancient texts

7. Muslim Civilizations Math  Al-Khwarizmi  Algebra Wrote math textbook Medicine  Test physicians and pharmacists  Hospitals  Muhammad al-Razi wrote medical textbooks  Ibn Sina wrote about disease Encyclopedia of medical knowledge

8. Muslim Civilizations Ottoman Empire  Turkish speaking nomads  Asia Minor and Balkan peninsula Constantinople – capital  1453 Ottoman control Decline  Corrupt government bureaucracy  European advances in commerce and military technology  Lose land to Russia and Europe  North Africans break away