1. Women and WW1 Standard Grade History International Co-operation and Conflict 1890s-1920s

2. Manpower  The early rush of volunteers and later the conscription of men led to a shortage of manpower on the home front.  In turn, women were encouraged to engage in other forms of work normally done by men.

3. Role of Women before WW1  Before the war, most women were content to stay at home to bring up a family and carry out domestic work.  Some women had to work for financial reasons.  Only “OK” for single women to work – nurses and teachers.

4. Munitions  At first, women worked mainly in munitions.  A vital service that grew dramatically.  Not a safe working environment.

5. Munitions

6. From 1916…  From 1916, as conscription became a more pressing issue and casualty rates began to spiral out of control the government tried to persuade women into all sectors of the workplace.

7. Agriculture  Women’s Land Army established in 1917.  Hard work, hours long – many preferred factory work.  Women had to take on hard “male jobs” – e.g. Ploughing fields.  Poster campaign to recruit women from towns to work on farms.

8. Agriculture

9. Transport  Women worked as tram and bus conductors.  Became tram drivers.

10. Women’s Royal Navy Service

11. Women’s Royal Air Force

12. Women’s Police Service

13. Middle Class Women  More likely to work as nurses with the VAD  Worked as factory supervisors  Employment with either local or national government  Many women took responsibility for running the family business while male family members fought in the war.

14. Role of Women after WW1  The war gave women the opportunity to show that they were equal to men.  People realised that women could make contributions in the workplace as well as at home.  WW1 could be said to have begun the movement for equal opportunities for men and women.

15. Did WW1 Change Women’s Working Lives? The war may have helped women gain the vote but it had little effect on their working lives as many women were sacked or demoted in 1918 or had their wages cut. However some laws were passed to help women:  1919 Sex Disqualification Act made it illegal to bar women from jobs e.g. lawyers, due to their sex. But it was only much later when laws granting equality with men were passed:  1970 Equal Pay Act – women had to be paid the same as men for work of equal value.  1975 Sex Discrimination Act employers had to treat male and female employees the same.