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Bracco, F., Battaglia A., Chouza C. et al. The long-acting dopamine receptor agonist cabergoline in early Parkinson's disease: final results of a 5-year, double-blind, levodopa-controlled study. CNS Drugs 2004; 18(11): 733–746. Hoehn, M. M. and Yahr M. D. Parkinsonism: onset, progression, and mortality. Neurology 1967; 17(5): 427–442. Hoehn, M. M. and Elton R. L. Low dosages of bromocriptine added to levodopa in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1985; 35(2): 199–206. Hoehn, M. M. The natural history of Parkinson's disease in the pre- levodopa and post-levodopa eras. Neurol Clin 1992; 10(2): 331–339. Holloway, R. G., Shoulson I., Fahn S. et al. Pramipexole vs levodopa as initial treatment for Parkinson disease: a 4-year randomized controlled trial. Arch Neurol 2004; 61(7): 1044–1053. Oertel, W. H., Wolters E., Sampaio C. et al. Pergolide versus levodopa monotherapy in early Parkinson's disease patients: The PELMOPET study. Mov Disord 2006; 21(3): 343–353. Traditional levodopa – strengths I
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de la Fuente-Fernandez, R., Lu J. Q., Sossi V. et al. Biochemical variations in the synaptic level of dopamine precede motor fluctuations in Parkinson's disease: PET evidence of increased dopamine turnover. Ann Neurol 2001; 49(3): 298–303. Henry, B., Duty S., Fox S. H. et al. Increased striatal pre-proenkephalin B expression is associated with dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol 2003; 183(2): 458–468. Olanow, C. W., Obeso J. A. and Stocchi F. Continuous dopamine- receptor treatment of Parkinson's disease: scientific rationale and clinical implications. Lancet Neurol 2006; 5(8): 677–687. Sub-optimal delivery with disease progression
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Optimization of levodopa delivery I Fariello, R. G. Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic features of cabergoline. Rationale for use in Parkinson's disease. Drugs 1998; 55 (Suppl 1): 10–16. Grosset, K. A., Bone I. and Grosset D. G.. Suboptimal medication adherence in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2005; 20(11): 1502– 1507. Koller, W. C., Hutton J. T., Tolosa E. et al. Immediate-release and controlled-release carbidopa/levodopa in PD: a 5-year randomized multicenter study. Carbidopa/Levodopa Study Group. Neurology 1999; 53(5): 1012–1019. National Institute for Clinical Excellence (2006). NICE clinical guideline: Parkinson's disease: diagnosis and management in primary and secondary care. http://guidance.nice.org.uk/CG35 Last accessed March 2007.
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Nyholm, D., Lennernas H., Gomes-Trolin C. et al. Levodopa pharmacokinetics and motor performance during activities of daily living in patients with Parkinson's disease on individual drug combinations. Clin Neuropharmacol 2002; 25(2): 89–96. Stocchi, F., Battaglia G., Vacca L. et al. Clinical models of continuous dopaminergic stimulation. Movement Disorders 2004; 19(Suppl 9): S435. Stocchi, F., Vacca L., Ruggieri S. et al. Intermittent vs continuous levodopa administration in patients with advanced Parkinson disease: a clinical and pharmacokinetic study. Arch Neurol 2005; 62(6): 905–910. Stocchi, F. The levodopa wearing-off phenomenon in Parkinson's disease: pharmacokinetic considerations. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2006; 7(10): 1399–1407. Optimization of levodopa delivery II
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Stalevo and its benefits I Brooks, D. J. and Sagar H. Entacapone is beneficial in both fluctuating and non-fluctuating patients with Parkinson's disease: a randomised, placebo controlled, double blind, six month study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003; 74(8): 1071–1079. Findley, L. J., Lees A., Apajasalo M. et al. Cost-effectiveness of levodopa/carbidopa/entacapone (Stalevo) compared to standard care in UK Parkinson's disease patients with wearing-off. Curr Med Res Opin 2005; 21(7): 1005–1014. Goetz, C. G., Stebbins G. T. and Blasucci L. M. Differential progression of motor impairment in levodopa-treated Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2000; 15(3): 479–484. Gordin, A., Kaakkola S. and Teravainen H. Clinical advantages of COMT inhibition with entacapone - a review. J Neural Transm 2004; 111(10–11): 1343–1363.
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Stalevo and its benefits II Larsen, J. P., Worm-Petersen J., Siden A. et al. The tolerability and efficacy of entacapone over 3 years in patients with Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurol 2003; 10(2): 137–146. Movement Disorder Society of Australia Clinical Research and Trial Group and QUEST-AP study group. A randomized, double-blind study to compare the effect on quality of life of levodopa/carbidopa/entacapone (Stalevo®) with levodopa/carbidopa in patients with Parkinson’s disease with no or minimal, nondisabling motor fluctuations. Mov Disord, 2006; 21(Suppl 15): S446. Muller, T., Erdmann C., Muhlack S. et al. Inhibition of catechol-O- methyltransferase contributes to more stable levodopa plasma levels. Mov Disord 2006; 21(3): 332–336. Myllyla, V., Kultalahti E. R. V., Haapaniemi H. et al. Twelve-month safety of entacapone in patients with Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurol 2001; 8(1): 53–60.
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Stalevo and its benefits III Nissinen, H., Kuoppamaki M. and Leinonen M.. Early initiation of entacapone leads to superior 5-year efficacy compared to delayed initiation in Parkinson’s disease patients receiving traditional levodopa/DDCI therapy. Mov Disord, 2006; 12(Suppl 15): S593. Olanow, C. W., Kieburtz K., Stern M. et al. Double-blind, placebo- controlled study of entacapone in levodopa-treated patients with stable Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol 2004b; 61(10): 1563–1568. Poewe, W. The role of COMT inhibition in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Neurology 2004; 62(1 Suppl 1): S31–S38. Poewe, W. H., Deuschl G., Gordin A. et al. Efficacy and safety of entacapone in Parkinson's disease patients with suboptimal levodopa response: a 6-month randomized placebo-controlled double-blind study in Germany and Austria (Celomen study). Acta Neurol Scand 2002; 105(4): 245–255.
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Stalevo and its benefits IV Parkinson Study Group. Entacapone improves motor fluctuations in levodopa-treated Parkinson's disease patients. Ann Neurol 1997b; 42(5): 747–755. Rinne, U. K., Larsen J. P., Siden A. et al. Entacapone enhances the response to levodopa in parkinsonian patients with motor fluctuations. Nomecomt Study Group. Neurology 1998; 51(5): 1309–1314. Sawle, G. V., Burn D. J., Morrish P. K. et al. The effect of entacapone (OR-611) on brain [18F]-6-L-fluorodopa metabolism: implications for levodopa therapy of Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1994; 44(7): 1292–1297. Stocchi, F. The levodopa wearing-off phenomenon in Parkinson's disease: pharmacokinetic considerations. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2006; 7(10): 1399–1407. Stocchi, F., Vacca L., Ruggieri S. et al. Intermittent vs continuous levodopa administration in patients with advanced Parkinson disease: a clinical and pharmacokinetic study. Arch Neurol 2005; 62(6): 905–910.
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Fahn, S. Does levodopa slow or hasten the rate of progression of Parkinson's disease? J Neurol 2005; 252(Suppl 4): iv37–iv42. Fahn, S., Oakes D., Shoulson I. et al. Levodopa and the progression of Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med 2004; 351(24): 2498–2508. Nissinen, H., Kuoppamaki M. and Leinonen M. Early initiation of entacapone leads to superior 5-year efficacy compared to delayed initiation in Parkinson’s disease patients receiving traditional levodopa/DDCI therapy. Mov Disord 2006; 21(Suppl13): S111. Parkinson Study Group. A controlled, randomized, delayed-start study of rasagiline in early Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol 2004; 61(4): 561– 566. Schapira, A. H. and Obeso J. Timing of treatment initiation in Parkinson's disease: a need for reappraisal? Ann Neurol 2006; 59(3): 559–562. Benefits of earlier optimization of levodopa delivery
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Hauser, R. The First-step study: a study to evaluate the effects of intitiating a fixed dose of Stalevo or levodopa/carbidopa t.i.d. in early PD patients requiring levodopa. Eur J Neurol 2006; 13(Suppl 2): 94. Jenner, P., Jackson M., Rose S. et al. Coadministration of levodopa/carbidopa/entacapone avoids dyskinesia induction in MPTP- treated primates with full or partial nigral lesions. Mov Disord 2006; 21 (Suppl 13): S73. Maratos, E. C., Jackson M. J., Pearce R. K. et al. Antiparkinsonian activity and dyskinesia risk of ropinirole and L-DOPA combination therapy in drug naive MPTP-lesioned common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Mov Disord 2001; 16(4): 631–641. Future directions I
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Olanow, C. W. The STRIDE-PD (Stalevo Reduction In Dyskinesia Evaluation) Study: A Long-term, Controlled study to evaluate the effects of initiating Stalevo or carbidopa/levodopa in early PD. Eur J Neurol 2006; 13(Suppl 2): 93. Rascol, O., Brooks D. J., Korczyn A. D. et al. A five-year study of the incidence of dyskinesia in patients with early Parkinson's disease who were treated with ropinirole or levodopa. 056 Study Group. N Engl J Med 2000; 342(20): 1484–1491. Smith, L. A., Jackson M. J., Al-Barghouthy G. et al. Multiple small doses of levodopa plus entacapone produce continuous dopaminergic stimulation and reduce dyskinesia induction in MPTP-treated drug- naive primates. Mov Disord 2005; 20(3): 306–14. Future directions II
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