1. The Biological Basis of Behavior Chapter 2

2. Objectives Describe the structure of a neuron, the resting potential and action potential of a neuron List and describe how the nervous and endocrine systems use chemicals to direct everything our bodies do? Describe the two major subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system and how they initiate bodily activity and regulate bodily functions. Describe the purpose of the spinal cord. List and describe the major structures of the brain. Analyze the roles the structures of the brain play in behavior. Describe and analyze the way researchers study the brain. Discuss and analyze some of their findings.

3. Objectives 2/13  To review your assessments.  To draw the brain  To Describe the structure of a neuron, the resting potential and action potential of a neuron Before the Bell: Get out any assessments you owe me, a piece of paper, and your notes.

4. What is your reaction?

5. Draw A Brain There is no right or wrong. Don’t open your book. Draw it as best you can with as many details as you think you have.

6. Brain Lab for this chapter  See Brain lab sheet

7. The Nervous System I. Neurons A. Our central nervous system – regulates our internal functions and controls our reactions to the external world. B. Two Parts 1. Central nervous system – brain and the spinal cord 2. Peripheral nervous system – nerve cells that send messages between the central nervous system and the other parts of the body. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vGxho71tScM

8. Objectives: 9/24 Describe the structure of a neuron, the resting potential and action potential of a neuron List and describe how the nervous and endocrine systems use chemicals to direct everything our bodies do? Before the Bell: Reminder Brain October 8. Have something with which to write and write on. =) Go around the table and share your weekend. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=snO68aJ TOpM

9. I. Neurons C. Neurons – each of us has more than 100 billion (most are in our brain) 1. They send and receive messages 2. They can reorganize if there is a brain injury 3. Components a. cell body – produces energy that fuels the neuron’s activity b. dendrites – thin fibers that receive information from other neurons and pass the message through the cell body.

10. I. Neurons c. axon – transmits the message away from the cell body (usually only one) d. myelin – the covers axons. A fatty substance that insulates and protects the axon e. axon terminals – smaller fibers that branch out f. synapse – is a junction between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrites of another. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i-NgGKSNiNw

12. II. Neurotransmitters: The Body’s Chemical Messengers A. Neurons send messages across synapses through the release of Neurotransmitters. B. What our neurotransmitters? 1. Chemicals that are stored in sacs in the axon terminal. 2. Neuron fires (sends a message) much like spraying a bottle 3. Each message is converted in to an electrical impulse that travels length of the neuron. 4. Takes a fraction of a second and neurons can fire hundreds of times every second http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qGjgfhsTyCMhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qGjgfhsTyCM 3 d image neuro

13. Objectives: 9/24 List and describe how the nervous and endocrine systems use chemicals to direct everything our bodies do? Complete body reaction lab Before the Bell: Find your new table. You need your notes Review hand motions for all the parts of the neuron be ready to practice them. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=snO68aJ TOpM

14. Lab - Reaction Time Partner up with someone. (get 7 element) Do distractions overload the nervous system and change reaction time? You are going to measure reaction time, or how long it takes to prepare and complete an action.

15. The Nervous System II. Neurotransmitters: The Body’s Chemical Messengers C. Types of neurotransmitters 1. each as own structure and fits into a receptor site on the next neuron (key into lock) 2. Acetylcholine – control of muscles, learning and memory (it decreases memory is impaired) 3. Dopamine – involved in motor behavior (Parkinson's disease-too little; Schizophrenia – too much) 4. noradrenalin – prepares body for action 5. serotonin – emotional arousal and sleep (too little – depression) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bkwyLOZD9FE http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=haNoq8 UbSyc&feature=related

16. Objectives: 2/15 What is the difference between the autonomic and somatic systems? Before the Bell: Take out a blank sheet of paper. Take out a blank sheet of paper. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=snO68aJ TOpM

17. The Nervous System III. Central Nervous Systems A. Spinal Reflexes 1. Body’s automatic response to a trigger without input from the brain. 2. Nerve impulses are received from the body’s sense organs. 3. These impulses pass immediately into the spinal cord. 4. Many of our actions are reflexive; blinking, sneezing, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8EmCV- aVQOQ

18. IV. The Peripheral Nervous System A. Two divisions 1. Somatic Nervous System a. transmits sensory messages to the central nervous system. b. carries messages from the voluntary muscles and sense organs. c. activated by touch, pain, changes in temperature, changes in body’s position

19. The Nervous System 2. The Automatic Nervous System a. occurring involuntarily b. regulates the body’s vital functions – heartbeat, breathing, digestion, blood pressure. ( take heart rate) c. we generally don’t have to think about these d. two divisions: 1. sympathetic 1. sympathetic sexual arousal, reaction to emergencies, increasing your heart rate, boosting your blood pressure, and speeding up your breathing. It's responsible for the classic "fight-or-flight" response, which is mediated by two main chemical messengers, epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine. 2. parasympathetic 2. parasympathetic primarily counters the sympathetic one by mediating the body's calming and relaxing functions. Eat a big meal, take a nap, meditate, and the parasympathetic is kicking in, slowing down your heart rate, breathing, and so on. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QmNQdLkkJHM

20. V. The Brain: Our Control Center A. Parts of the Brain: Three Sections 1. The Hindbrain a. medulla – functions of heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing b. pons – located in front of the medulla and regulates body movement, attention, sleep, and alertness. c. cerebellum – (little brain) balance and coordination http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eIbT1BFytZo http://abcnews.go.com/Health/surgeons-remove-half-boys-brain-stop-100- seizures/story?id=18705165

21. The Nervous System 2. The Midbrain (between hindbrain and forebrain) a. control vision and hearing, eye movement b. reticular activating system – (starts in hind and moves into mid) important for attention, sleep and arousal.

22. The Nervous System 3. The Forebrain 1. thalamus – (inner chamber) serves as relay station for sensory stimulation moving on to the higher levels of the brain (thinking and reasoning); also sends info from eyes and ears 2. hypothalamus – (under) tiny helps control some behavior and physiological functions. Regulates temperature, storage of nutrients, motivation and emotion, hunger, thirst, sexual behavior, caring for offspring, aggression. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=- BiCNkUGIG0

23. Objectives 2/25  Label parts of the brain and describe brain function Before the Bell: Get out your notes and your brains.

24. The Nervous System 3. The Forebrain 3. limbic system – fringe along inner edge of cerebrum: memory, emotion, hunger, sex, and aggression, Evolutionary psychologists believe limbic system controls behaviors for survival. Forms emotional memories of situations to help a person respond and adapt. 4. cerebrum (brain) – 70% of size, site of most conscious and intellectual activities. 5. Wrinkled area is cerebral cortex – out later like bark – the part that thinks memory, language, emotions, complex motor functions, perception. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lZ4mdX AtnEs

25. The Nervous System VI. The Cerebral Cortex A. Composed of two halves/hemispheres 1. look almond shaped, left and right hemispheres 2. corpus callosum – is the structure that connects the two hemispheres. 3. Information gathered by one side is transmitted to the other side. B. Lobes – each hemisphere is divided into four parts called lobes http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HVGlfcP3ATI&feature=fvw

26. The Nervous System VI. The Cerebral Cortex C. Association Areas 1. Most of Cerebral cortex is composed of areas that involve sensory and motor functions. 2. Other areas shape information into something meaningful. 3. This is the executive center. Where we solve problems and make decisions. D. Language Abilities 1. left and right hemispheres do many of the same functions, i.e.right handed people lang. Functions based in left hemisphere and for about 2/3 of left handed.

27. D. Language Abilities 2. Two key areas: 1. Wernicke’s area- pieces together sounds and sights (damage (difficult to understand speech) 2. Broca’s area – in frontal lobe; controls the areas of the face used for speaking (damaged, speak slowly) E. Left and Right Hemispheres 1. Same hemisphere used for speaking is also used for logic, problem solving, and mathematical computations. 2. Right hemi – primarily imagination, art, feelings, and spatial relationships. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i9WrTnDaMKE http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/interactive/2011/jan/10/gabrielle-giffords-shooting-injury-graphic http://abcnews.go.com/Health/bob-woodruff-gabrielle-giffords-recover-brain- injury/story?id=12578057 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RdmVFW2WcQY

28. Good Morning  Please take four minutes to write down your thoughts about yesterday?  What did you learn about Brocha’s area after watching Tiki yesterday? What questions did it raise in your mind? What concerns do you have.  6 minutes a minimum of 10 sentences.   When you are done get out your paper from yesterday. Discuss at your table thoughts on Tiki’s visit.

29. Drawing on the Right Side of Brain I’m going to post a picture DO NOT MOVE from your desk to look at it. Look at the figure and notice the angles, shapes, and lines. Try to see how they all fit together. Start at the top and copy each line moving from line to line, putting it all together like a puzzle. Don’t name things; instead just notice what the lines do, how they curve and flow together.

32. Drawing on the Right Side of Brain What does the right brain consciousness feel like (Type1)? Did you notice that you were less aware of the passage of time? Were you aware of the people around you? Did you attend to any environmental inputs?

33. Happy Tuesday! Check your grades to make sure I got your brain graded. Get out your notes.

34. The Brain VII. Methods of Studying the Brain A. Different ways – 1. Accidents 2. Lesions –creating a lesion (destroying a part of an animal’s brain, allows tracking of how the damage affects behaviors. 3. Electrical Stimulation – can see which areas of the brain respond to visual, auditory, or sensory sensations. 4. Electroencephalogram – electrical brain wave activities transmitted by electrodes and enables diagnosis of disorders. 5. Brain Imaging – MRI, CAT, PET, fMRI allow images of the brain CAT Scan

35. The Endocrine System I. Composition A. Glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream. 1. Hormones stimulate growth and many kinds of reactions and changes in physical moods. 2. Have specific receptor sites like neurotransmitters http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HrMi4GikWwQ

36. The Endocrine System B. The Pituitary Gland 1. The master gland (size of a pea) 2. Responsible for many aspects of behavior 3. Also stimulates other glands such as adrenals, thyroid, ovaries or testes. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qJj_- 3dZ4ZQ&feature=related

37. The Endocrine System C. Thyroid Gland 1. produces thyroxin – metabolism (rate of converting food to energy. 2. too much – hypothyroidism (sluggish often overweight) 3. too little – hyperthyroidism (excitability, inability to sleep, and weight loss.) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2AFiMipv63k

38. The Endocrine System D. The Adrenal Glands 1. secrets steroids – increase resistance to stress and promote muscle development 2. cause the liver to release stored sugar – energy 3. adrenaline and noradrenalin http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=06jbq3bxKE0 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SS_qMHPI0XM&feature=related

39. The Endocrine System E. Ovaries and Testes 1. produce the hormones that influence sexual development and functions 2. both product estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone. 3. Differences is the amounts of each hormone produced for males/females. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FEsTIOI ufiQ