1. Operant Conditioning Reinforcement – when a stimulus or event occurs that strengthens or increases the probability of a response reoccurring positive (+) reinforcement: the following of a behavior with a pleasant consequence negative (-) a behavior: brings about the removal of an unpleasant or aversive consequence

2. Principles of Reinforcement  Reinforcers  Primary Reinforcer  innately reinforcing stimulus  i.e., satisfies a biological need  Secondary (Conditioned) Reinforcer  usually learned  i.e., praise, rewards, money,  gains its reinforcing power through its association with primary reinforcer

3. Principles of Reinforcement  Continuous Reinforcement  reinforcing the desired response each time it occurs  must initially occur for a behavior to be acquired quickly  Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement  reinforcing a response only part of the time  results in slower acquisition but greater resistance to extinction  must occur for a behavior to be continued

4. Operant Conditioning  Punishment  an aversive event that decreases the behavior that it follows  positive punishment: when a behavior is followed by an aversive or negative consequence  negative punishment: when a behavior is followed by the removal of a desirable stimulus

5. Operant Conditioning Punishers – Primary Punisher usually innate and biological in nature i.e., heat, cold, hunger, physical discomfort – Secondary Punisher usually learned i.e. criticism, shame, scolding, demerits, etc. gains influence when associated with primary punisher

6. Punishment For punishment to be effective: – must be consistent – should not be done in anger or involve abuse – should include info about what is expected or appropriate behavior – should be followed with reinforcement of desired behavior

7. Operant vs Classical Conditioning