1. The Biology of the Mind Chapter 2

2. Neuron A nerve cell, or a neuron, consists of many different parts.

3. Pretty Neurons

4. Pretty neurons

5. Neurons

6. How do neurons work? How does the signal get from one end of the neuron to the other? –Sometimes traveling several feet almost instantaneously! How does the signal get passed from one neuron to another neuron?

7. Action Potential A neural impulse. A brief electrical charge that travels down an axon and is generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon’s membrane.

8. Synapse

9. Reuptake This process stops the neurotransmitter action.

10. How Neurotransmitters Influence Us Serotonin pathways are involved with mood regulation. From Mapping the Mind, Rita Carter, © 1989 University of California Press

11. Dopamine Pathways Dopamine pathways are involved with diseases such as schizophrenia and Parkinson’s disease. From Mapping the Mind, Rita Carter, © 1989 University of California Press

12. Neurotransmitters

13. The Endocrine System: of Chemicals and Glands Chemical communication network that sends messages throughout the body via the bloodstream –Hormones –Pituitary gland Feldman

14. How are Hormones Regulated? Example: Regulation of Sex hormones

15. Hormones of interest –Vasopressin – helps maintain proper concentrations in our bodies –Oxytocin – labor and lactation, Love –Testosterone http://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio- archives/episode/220/testosterone/ –Estrogens

16. The Nervous System

17. The Brain: Older Brain Structures The Brainstem is the oldest part of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells and enters the skull. It is responsible for automatic survival functions.

18. The Limbic System associated with emotions such as fear, aggression and drives for food and sex. It includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus. The Brain: The Limbic System

19. The Brain: Structure of the Cortex

20. More intelligent animals have increased “uncommitted” or association areas of the cortex. Association Areas

21. Methods for studying the Brain

22. Lesioning Hubel (1990)

23. Electroencephalogram (EEG) measured by electrodes placed on the scalp. AJ Photo/ Photo Researchers, Inc.

24. PET Scan PET (positron emission tomography) Scan is a visual display of brain activity that detects a radioactive form of glucose. Courtesy of National Brookhaven National Laboratories

25. MRI Scan MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) Both photos from Daniel Weinberger, M.D., CBDB, NIMH James Salzano/ Salzano PhotoLucy Reading/ Lucy Illustrations

26. Neuroplasticity and the Brain Neuroplasticity –The brain continually reorganizing itself Neurogenesis –New neurons created in certain areas of the brain during adulthood

27. Right-Left Differences in the Intact Brain People with intact brains also show left-right hemispheric differences in mental abilities. What is the difference in the function between the left and right hemisphere of the Cortex?

28. Splitting the Brain A procedure in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) between them. Corpus Callosum Martin M. Rother Courtesy of Terence Williams, University of Iowa

29. Split Brain Patients With the corpus callosum severed, objects (apple) presented in the right visual field can be named. Objects (pencil) in the left visual field cannot.

30. Divided Consciousness