1. Artificial Intelligence (AI) Lecture No. 1

2. Disciplines which form the core of AI- inner circle Fields which draw from these disciplines- outer circle. Expert Systems Robotics NLP (Natural Language Processing) Planning Computer Vision Search, Reasoning, Learning

3. Agenda  Intelligence  Intelligence of computer  Artificial intelligence  Intelligent computing Vs Conventional computing  Contribution of other fields to AI  History of AI  Applications of AI  References 7 December 2015

4. Intelligence? 7 December 2015

5. Can Intelligence be defined?  Intelligence can not be defined abstractly  There are probably as many definitions of intelligence as there are experts who study it. 7 December 2015

6. Intelligence (defination)  from "Mainstream Science on Intelligence" (1994), an editorial statement by fifty-two researchers:Mainstream Science on Intelligence  A very general mental capability that, among other things, involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly (conceptually), comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly and learn from experience. (Gottfredson, L.S., 1997). 7 December 2015

7. Intelligence  from "Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns" (1995), a report published by the Board of Scientific Affairs of the American Psychological Association:Intelligence: Knowns and UnknownsAmerican Psychological Association  Individuals differ from one another in their ability to understand complex ideas, to adapt effectively to the environment, to learn from experience, to engage in various forms of reasoning, to overcome obstacles by taking thought. (Neisser, 1997) and (Perloff, 1996) 7 December 2015

8. Other definitions of intelligence  capacity for learning, reasoning, understanding, and similar forms of mental activity; aptitude (ability) in grasping truths, relationships, facts, meanings, etc.  the faculty(perceptual powers of the mind ) of understanding.  knowledge of an event, circumstance, etc., received or imparted; news; information.  the gathering or distribution of information, especially secret information www. dictionary.com 7 December 2015

9. Intelligence (summary)  Intelligence is the ability of:  abstract thought( Apart from a particular case or instance)  understanding  communication (The activity of conveying information)  Reasoning (Logical thinking)  Learning(Acquiring skill or knowledge)  planning (Process of thinking about what to do in the event of something happening)  problem solving 7 December 2015

10. Intelligence of computer  According to the British computer scientist Alan Turing's test in (1950): Alan Turing  “a computer would deserves to be called intelligent if it could deceive a human into believing that it was human.” 7 December 2015

11. Artificial Intelligence?  ??? 7 December 2015

12. Artificial Intelligence  “A branch of a computer science which studies the development of software and hardware which simulates human intelligence” (Dr. Ghassan Issa) 7 December 2015

13. Artificial Intelligence  AI is the part of computer science concerned with designing intelligent computer systems, that is, computer systems that exhibit the characteristics we associate with intelligence in human behavior-  Understanding languages,  learning,  reasoning,  solving problems, and so on. (Barr and Feigenbaum, 1981) 7 December 2015

14. Other Definitions of AI ….  “AI is the study of how to make computer do things at which, at the moment, people are better” (Rich and Knight, 1991)  “AI is the study of idea that enable computers to be intelligent” (Patrick H. Winston) 7 December 2015

15. “AI is a collection of hard problems which can be solved by humans and other living things, but for which we don’t have good algorithms for solving”. –e. g., understanding spoken natural language, medical diagnosis, circuit design, learning, self-adaptation, reasoning, chess playing, proving math theories, etc

16. Intelligent computing Vs Conventional computing Intelligent Computing Conventional Computing 1 Does not guarantee a solution to a given problem. 1 Guarantees a solution to a given problem. 2 Results may not be reliable and consistent 2 Results are consistent and reliable. 3 Programmer does not tell the system how to solve the given problem. 3 Programmer tells the system exactly how to solve the problem 4 Can solve a range of problems in a given domain. 4 Can solve only one problem at a time in a given domain 7 December 2015

17. Intelligent computing Vs Conventional computing …  Conventional:  Based on algorithms whose instructions are stored in memory and executed in sequential way.  AI Computing:  Not based on algorithms but based on: Knowledge base (symbolic representation)  Uses reasoning and inferencing over the knowledge base to search and perform pattern matching. 7 December 2015

18. Intelligent computing Vs Conventional computing … 7 December 2015

19. Contributions of other disciplines to AI  PhilosophyLogic, methods of reasoning, mind as physical system, foundations of learning, language, rationality (wisdom)  MathematicsFormal representation and proof of algorithms, computation, (un)decidability, (in)tractability, probability  Economicsutility, decision theory  Neurosciencehow do brain process information (neuron operation)  Psychology 1- How do humans and animals think and act 2- phenomena of perception and motor control, experimental techniques  Computer engineering building fast computers  Control theory1- How can artifacts (objects) operate under their own control? 2- design systems that maximize an objective function over time.  Linguisticsknowledge representation, grammar 7 December 2015

20. Abridged history of artificial intelligence  1941first electric computer was developed  1943 McCulloch & Pitts:  Boolean circuit model of brain  1949first “stored program” computer was introduced  1950 Turing proposed his “Turing Test” for intelligence.  1955early chess playing programs demonstrated  1956in Dartmouth conference birth was given to:  "Artificial Intelligence"  1957LISP(List Processing) language by John McCarthy at MIT 7 December 2015

21. Abridged history of artificial intelligence  1965expert system DENDRAL started at Stanford  1965Robinson's complete algorithm for logical reasoning  1966expert system MACSYMA started at MIT  1969—79Early development of knowledge-based systems  1970implementation of the Prolog language  1972expert system MYCIN developed at Stanford  1972SHRDLU natural language robot demonstrated at MIT 7 December 2015

22. Abridged history of artificial intelligence  1980-- AI becomes an industry  1981--Commercial NLP system “Intellect” available from NLP group  1986-- Neural networks return to popularity  1987--AI becomes a science  1995--The emergence of intelligent agents  1995-2007HLAI (Human Level AI):  AI should return to its roots of striving "machines that think, that learn”  Hays and Efros (2007)  discuss the problem of filling in holes in a photograph 7 December 2015

23. Abridged history of artificial intelligence  2008--Artificial General Intelligence or AGI  AGI looks for a universal algorithm for learning and acting in any environment  (Halevy et al_ 2009)  learning algorithm 7 December 2015

24. Applications of AI  Game playing  General problem solving  Expert system  Natural language Processing  Computer vision  Robotics  Education  Others 7 December 2015

25. References  Gottfredson, L.S. (1997). "Foreword to "intelligence and social policy"" Intelligence 24 (1): 1–12. doi:10.1016/S0160-2896(97)90010-6. http://www.udel.edu/educ/gottfredson/reprints/1997specialissue.pdf."Foreword to "intelligence and social policy""doi10.1016/S0160-2896(97)90010-6 http://www.udel.edu/educ/gottfredson/reprints/1997specialissue.pdf  Neisser, U.; Boodoo, G.; Bouchard Jr, T.J.; Boykin, A.W.; Brody, N.; Ceci, S.J.; Halpern, D.F.; Loehlin, J.C.; Perloff, R.; Sternberg, R.J.; Others, (1998). "Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns". Annual Progress in Child Psychiatry and Child Development 1997. ISBN 9780876308707. http://books.google.com/?id=gLWnmVbKdLwC&pg=PA95&dq=Intelligence:+Knowns+and +unknowns."Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns" ISBN9780876308707 http://books.google.com/?id=gLWnmVbKdLwC&pg=PA95&dq=Intelligence:+Knowns+and +unknowns  Perloff, R.; Sternberg, R.J.; Urbina, S. (1996). "Intelligence: knowns and unknowns". American Psychologist 51.  Dr. Ghassan Issa, Artificial intelligence, retrieved from: http://www.uop.edu.jo/issa/ai/ai- part1.htm, retrieved date: 04 Oct, 2011.http://www.uop.edu.jo/issa/ai/ai- part1.htm 7 December 2015

26. References  Crash Course in Artificial Intelligence and Expert systems by Louise E. Frenzel.  Chapter No.1  Artificial Intelligence - A Modern Approach 3rd ed - S. Russell, P. Norvig (Prentice-Hall, 2010) WW  Chapter No.1 7 December 2015

27. The end 7 December 2015