1. Personal, Social, and Moral Development
Chapter 3

2. Psychosocial Development Developmental Crisis
(3)
Initiative vs
Guilt:
Independence
with supervision
Psychosocial
Development
(2)
Autonomy vs
Shame &
Doubt:
Control
Developmental
Crisis
(1)
Trust vs.
Mistrust:
Consistency
(4)
Industry
vs. Inferiority
feedback
(5)
Identity vs Role
Confusion
Moratotium
Self understanding
(8)
Ego integrity
vs Despair
Accept cycle
of Death
(6)
Intimacy vs
Isolation:
Trust others
(7)
Generativity
vs. Stagnation
Next generation
Marcia’s:
Identity achievement
Identity foreclosure
Identity diffusion
Moratorium

3. Families: Blended families Parenting styles Peers Authoritarian
Authoritative
Permissive
Rejecting/neglecting
Peers
Cultures
Aggression:
Instrumental
Hostile
Overt
Relational
Bulliesviolence will be rewarded
Victims low self esteem

4. Helping Children of Divorce
Sudden changes
Talk individually to students
Avoid stereotypes (whole family references)blended families
Maintain students’ self-esteem
Resources available for counseling
Sensitive to both parents’ rights
What is something you should do when you
see violence in the classroom?

5. Peer Relationships Peers play an essential role in healthy personal
and social relationships
Characteristics of friends
Quality of friendships
Who is likely to have
problems with peers?
Children who differ from
the norm
Peer culture:
Rules
Conformity to those rules
Interests of parents clash
with those rules
New Roles for Teachers
Support personal and social
development

6. Challenges for Children. Young children starting school
Challenges for Children Young children starting school preoperational to concrete operationalteaching must adhere to the needs of that stage Coping with challenges By third grade predictions towards dropping out Importance of Head Start Children and Youth at Risk Child Abuse: Physical Abuse Physical Neglect Sexual Abuse Eating Disorders Drug Abuse Suicide

7. Understanding Ourselves and Others
Gender, Ethnicity,
and Self Esteem
Self
Concept
Self
Esteem
Value one gives to their evaluations
How does self esteem affect student behavior in school?
How does life in schools affect student behavior?
Relationships with abilities
Popularity
Feedback!!!
General
Academic
Non-academic
Develops:
“constant evaluations across time”
Elementaryothers
HSoneself
Diversity:
Collective self esteem
Ethnic Pride
Development:
Decreases as they
go middle school
Increases in boys as they go
to HS more than in girls
Self and others:
Intention (2 yrs)
Perspective taking (10 yrs)
Emotional Competency

8. Ethnic Pride Perspective Taking Racial Identities (Nigrescence):
Pre-encounter
Encounter
Immersion
Internalization
Commitment
Could this
be applied
to the Hispanic
community?
Ethnic Pride
Theory of Mind and Intentionunderstanding
other people
Perspective Taking
Selman (1980)
*Develops over time
*Analyze other’s perspective about age 10
*15 most have developed the perspective taking-
ability

9. Moral Development = sense of right and wrong Moral Dilemmas
Distributive Justice
Moral Realism
Dividing and
sharing
Stage
Understanding
of rules
Morality of Cooperation
Understanding that People
make rules – they can also
change them
Kohlberg Stages of Moral Development
Preconventional: (personal needs and other people’s rules)
Punishment-obedience orientation
Personal reward orientation
Conventional: (approval, family expectations, traditional values, laws of
society, loyalty to the country)
Good boy-nice girl orientation
Law and order orientation
Postconventional:
Social contract orientation
Universal ethical principles orientation

10. Moral vs. Conventional Domains
Moral domain = more abstract integration
Social integration = agreed upon rules and ways of doing things in a particular situation
Alternatives to Kohlberg’s Theory
Stages not separate, sequenced and consistent
Every day life (competing values, situations, etc)
Stages 5 and 6 are based on Western values
Gender Differences in Reasoning (Gilligan, 1982)
Stages are biased in favor of males
differences in the development of
stages between men and women
“Ethic of care” move from a focus
of self interest to moral reasoning
based on commitment to specific
individuals and relationships