1. PUNISHMENT Chapter 4

2. PUNISHMENT CONTINGENCY The immediate, response contingent presentation of an aversive condition resulting in a decreased frequency of that response

3. Aversive Condition Any stimulus, event, or condition whose termination immediately following a response increases the frequency of that response = ESCAPE Any stimulus, event, or condition whose presentation immediately following a response decreases the frequency of that response = PUNISHMENT

4. Aversive Conditions are necessary to both definitions ESCAPE PUNISHMENT

5. Aversive Conditions We prefer to minimize contact with these –Electric shock –Smelling a skunk (unpleasant odor) –Jack hammer’s constant drilling –Hot pepper sauce (painful stimuli)

6. Examples of punishment contingencies BeforeBehaviorAfter Ed receives no painful shock Ed moves legEd receives painful shock She has no ice cube on face She grinds teethShe has an ice cube on face Sandra has no squirt of sour lemon juice Sandra starts vigorous tongue movement Sandra receives squirt of lemon juice

7. The punishment contingency describes a functional relationship between behavior and the environment.

8. Contingency Table Stimulus, event, or condition Present immediately following a response Remove immediately following a response ReinforcerReinforcement Aversive Condition PunishmentEscape or ?

9. Examples of punishment contingencies BeforeBehaviorAfter Ed receives no painful shock Ed moves legEd receives painful shock She has no ice cube on face She grinds teethShe has an ice cube on face Sandra has no squirt of sour lemon juice Sandra starts vigorous tongue movement Sandra receives squirt of lemon juice

10. Graph Frequency

11. Contingency vs. Principle CONTINGENCY The immediate, response contingent presentation of an aversive condition resulting in a decreased frequency of that response PRINCIPLE A response becomes less frequent if an aversive condition or an increase in an aversive condition has immediately followed it in the past.

12. Adaptive function of behavior that comes under the control of punishment contingencies We don’t walk into door frames We tend not to trip over wires We don’t burn ourselves on hot stoves

13. Application of punishment contingencies

14. Overcorrection A contingency on inappropriate behavior requiring the person to engage in an effortful response that more than corrects the effects of the inappropriate behavior.

16. Sick Social Cycle The perpetrator’s aversive behavior punishes the victim’s appropriate behavior. And the victim’s stopping the appropriate behavior unintentionally reinforces that aversive behavior

17. Before: Teacher asks Jimmy to do a tough task Behavior: Jimmy disrupts After: Teacher does not ask Jimmy to do a task Before: Jimmy does not disrupt Behavior: Teacher asks Jimmy to do a tough task After: Jimmy disrupts Sick Social Cycle – Victim’s Punishment Model

18. Page 72 Fill this in, study it

19. Chapter 4 enrichment

20. Punishment Contingency For every punishment contingency, there’s a reinforcement contingency in the background

21. Punishment & Reinforcement Before: No food Before: No shock After: Food Behavior: Lever Press Reinforcement Contingency Punishment Contingency After: Shock

23. Punishment vs. Aggression Don’t use punishment in wrath Don’t confuse punishment with divine retribution Forget the eye-for-an-eye notion.

24. If you use punishment Remember: –Make it as short as possible –All you want is to change behavior, not have people atone for their sins.

25. Independent Variable The variable the experimenter systematically manipulates The INTERVENTION

26. Dependent Variable A measure of the subject’s behavior

27. graphs Value of visual inspection of the data

28. Multiple BSLN Design An experimental design in which the replications involve baselines of differing durations and interventions of differing starting times

29. BSLN INTERVENTION Sessions 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

30. Doing Science Good experimental questions Good design Complete descriptions of procedures Data collection that is accurate & complete

31. Informed consent Consent to intervene in a way that is experimental and/or risky The participant or guardian is informed of the risks and benefits and of the right to stop the intervention.

32. Social Validity The goals, procedures, and results of an intervention are socially acceptable to the client, the behavior analyst, and society.

33. Punishment or escape? BeforeBehaviorAfter Ed has dentist drill on tooth Ed raises handEd has no drill on tooth She has smell of smelling salts She opens eyesShe has no smell of smelling salts Sandy’s eyes are not covered Sandy self- stimulates Sandy’s eyes are covered 10”

34. What contingency? BeforeBehaviorAfter ShockLever pressNo shock Lever pressShock No food pelletLever pressFood pellet