1. Bones and Cartilages of the Human Body Figure 6.1

3. Microscopic Structure of Bone: Compact Bone Figure 6.5a, b

4. Classification of Bones: By Shape Long bones – longer than they are wide (e.g., humerus) Figure 6.2a

5. Classification of Bones: By Shape Short bones –Cube-shaped bones of the wrist and ankle –Bones that form within tendons (e.g., patella) Figure 6.2b

6. Classification of Bones: By Shape Flat bones – thin, flattened, and a bit curved (e.g., sternum, and most skull bones) Figure 6.2c

7. Classification of Bones: By Shape Irregular bones – bones with complicated shapes (e.g., vertebrae and hip bones) Figure 6.2d

8. Chemical Composition of Bone: Organic Osteoblasts – bone-forming cells Osteocytes – mature bone cells Osteoclasts – large cells that resorb or break down bone matrix

9. Long Bone Growth and Remodeling Growth in length – cartilage continually grows and is replaced by bone as shown Remodeling – bone is resorbed and added by appositional growth as shown Figure 6.10

11. Fibrous Structural Joints The bones are jointed by fibrous tissues There is no joint cavity Most are immovable Figure 8.1a

12. Cartilaginous Joints Articulating bones are united by cartilage Lack a joint cavity Figure 8.2a

13. Cartilaginous Joints Figure 8.2b

14. Cartilaginous Joints Figure 8.2c

15. Synovial Joints: General Structure Synovial joints all have the following: –Articular cartilage –Joint (synovial) cavity –Articular capsule –Synovial fluid –Reinforcing ligaments Figure 8.3a

16. Synovial Joints: Range of Motion Nonaxial – slipping movements only Uniaxial – movement in one plane Biaxial – movement in two planes Multiaxial – movement in or around all three planes

17. Types of Synovial Joints Plane joints –Articular surfaces are essentially flat –Allow only slipping or gliding movements –Only examples of nonaxial joints Figure 8.7a

18. Types of Synovial Joints Hinge joints –Motion is along a single plane –Uniaxial joints permit flexion and extension only –Examples: elbow and interphalangeal joints Figure 8.7b

19. Pivot Joints Only uniaxial movement allowed Examples: joint between the axis and the dens, and the proximal radioulnar joint Figure 8.7c

20. Condyloid, or Ellipsoidal, Joints Biaxial joints permit all angular motions Examples: radiocarpal (wrist) joints, and metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints Figure 8.7d

21. Saddle Joints Similar to condyloid joints but with greater movement Example: carpometacarpal joint of the thumb Figure 8.7e

22. Ball-and-Socket Joints Multiaxial joints permit the most freely moving synovial joints Examples: shoulder and hip joints Figure 8.7f