1. In the name of ALLAH

2. Joints of the Skeletal System

3. An articulation (joint) is a point of contact between two or more bones.

4. Structural classification
Fibrous : no synovial cavity; bones joined by fibrous connective tissue
Cartilaginous: no synovial cavity; bones joined by cartilage
Synovial: synovial cavity present; bones are surrounded by articular capsule and often by accessory ligaments.

5. Functional Classification
Synarthroses – immovable
Amphiarthroses - partially movable
Diarthroses - freely movable

6. Fibrous joints
Suture – thin layer of dense, fibrous connective tissue that joins skull bones.
Sutural ligament
Irregular edges add strength
synarthrosis
Some sutures are replaced by bone as adults: This is called a synostosis.
Fontanels in children

10. Fibrous joints cont.
Gomphosis – cone-shaped peg fits into socket – roots of teeth held in by periodontal ligaments
synarthrosis

12. Fibrous joints cont. Syndesmosis –
A fibrous joint in which there is more fibrous connective tissue and bones are not held together as tightly as a suture
Forms an interosseous membrane or ligament

14. Cartilaginous joints Synchondrosis Synarthrosis
Connecting material is hyaline cartilage
Temporary : epiphyseal plate
Permanent : manubrium and first rib

17. Cartilaginous joints cont.
Symphysis
Amphiarthrosis
Disc of fibrocartilage
Intervertebral disks
Pubic symphysis

20. Synovial Joints : Diarthroses
Structure:
Synovial (joint) cavity
Articular cartilage
Articular capsule
Fibrous capsule
Ligaments
Synovial membrane

23. Diarthroses cont. Accessory ligaments
Extracapsular accessory ligaments
Intracapsular accessory ligaments
Articular discs (menisci)
Pads of fibrocartilage
Maintain stability & fit, ↓ friction
Torn cartilage

24. Diarthroses cont. Bursae Saclike structures Alleviate friction
Lined with synovial membrane
Between skin and bones ; tendons and bones; ligaments and bones
Bursitis

26. Factors affecting movement at Diarthroses
Shape of articulating bones
Strength and tension of ligaments
Arrangement and tension of muscles
Apposition of soft parts
Hormones

27. Types of Diarthroses Gliding (plane) joint
Articulating surfaces are flat
Glides back-and-forth and side-to-side
Rotation is prevented

30. Hinge joint
Convex surface of one bone fits into concave surface of another
Movement is flexion- extension
Monaxial – in one plane

32. Pivot joint
A round or pointed surface of one bone fits into a ring formed by another bone and a ligament
Rotation
Monaxial
Medial rotation – anterior surface toward midline
Lateral rotation – anterior surface away from midline

35. Condyloid joint
An oval-shaped condyle of one bone fits into an elliptical cavity of another bone.
Flexion-extension
Adduction-abduction
Biaxial
Adduction- movement toward midline
Abduction – movement away from midline

37. Ellipsoid joint

38. Saddle joint
One bone shaped like a saddle; the other like a rider sitting in the saddle
Flexion-extension
Abduction- adduction
circumduction
Biaxial
Allows opposition of thumb

40. Ball and Socket joint
Ball shaped surface of one bone fits into a cuplike depression of another
Flexion-extension
Abduction-adduction
Circumduction
Rotation – movement around longitudinal axis
Triaxial

43. Special movements at diarthroses
Elevation –depression
Protraction – retraction
Foot and hand:
Inversion – eversion
Dorsiflexion – plantar flexion
Supination – pronation