1. Parenting Skills
Chapter 3.2

2. Children’s needs can be grouped into three categories:
Parenting Skills do not always come naturally. Parenting is a learning process that takes time and occurs daily. Parents must work to develop the skills required to meet their children’s needs, guide their children's behavior, and help children develop positive relationships.
Children’s needs can be grouped into three categories:
Physical Needs: include food, shelter, and clothing
Emotional and Social Needs: making sure child feels safe, loved, and cared for.
Intellectual Needs: All children need stimulation and the opportunity to learn about the world and become educated.
Deprivation: is the lack of the critical needs and encouraging environment that are essential for physical, emotional, and intellectual well-being.

3. Physical Needs Most important and obvious task of parenting
Must provide nourishing meals
Clothing
Do not need to expensive or the latest styles
In addition, children should have a safe, clean place to call home.
Parents are responsible for the health and safety of their children.
Regular check-ups, etc
Car seat safety
Toy Safety, etc.

4. Emotional and Social Needs
A major goal of parents is to raise children who will become happy, independent adults who can support themselves.
To become independent , children learn how to function in the world and get along with others.
How to handle different social situations.
Showing respect for people in authority
Having sympathy for someone
Children learn how to be caring
from examples their parents set.

5. Nurture Children
Nurturing children means giving them plenty of love, support, concern, and opportunities for enrichment.
Parents can show children love and support in many different ways.
Unfortunately, some parents find it hard to how affection for their children.
Embarrassment, making them “soft”

6. Show Restraint
Some parents become overprotective, over attentive, or both.
They give the child too much attention, too many toys, or too many treats.
Many try to shield their child from unpleasant experiences.
Children learn from trial and error.
They need to make mistakes in order to learn from them.
They must learn to cope with life's ups and downs.

7. Intellectual Needs Children begin learning at birth.
Researchers have found that with stimulation, the brain undergoes tremendous growth in the first years.
Learning Through the SENSES
Touching, Tasting, Hearing, Looking
Environment around them should be filled with interesting sounds, smells, sights, and textures.
Learning Through READING
Learning to read and enjoy books is key to intellectual development
Readers voice; eventually enjoy pictures and stories
Learning Through EXPLORATION
Everyday objects and experiences with nurturing adults provide great opportunity for learning

8. Parenting Styles
A parenting style is how parents and other caregivers care and discipline children.

9. Types of Parenting Styles
There are three main styles of parenting:
Authoritarian: believed children should obey their parents without question. The parent tells a child what to do, and the child’s responsibility to do it. When rules are broken, parent responds quickly and firmly.
Assesertive-Democractic: children have more input into the rules and limits in the home. Learning to take responsibility is important, so children are given a certain amount of independence.
Permissive: parents give children a wide range of freedom. Children with permissive parents may set their own rules. They are encouraged to think for themselves. Permissive parents ignore rule breaking
Parents may alter their parenting style at different times through development; depending on different situations.

10. Understand Guidance
Guidance: means using firmness and understanding to help children learn how to behave.
Children learn self-discipline with effective guidance
Learn to get along with others
Handle their emotions/feelings
Promotes security and self-esteem
Self-Discipline: is the ability to control one’s own behavior.
Conscience: is an inner sense of what is right.
As children mature, they use their conscience to decide how to act in different situations.

11. Parents can successfully guide their children in three basic ways.
1. Be a Positive Role Model
2. Set limits and redirect a child’s behavior
3. Positive Reinforcement
Be A Role Model
Children are great imitators
Learn best by being shown what TO DO
Constantly watch those around them
Actions speak louder than words

12. Give Effective Direction
Parents and caregivers often need to tell children what to do. These tips can help children understand and follow directions.
Be sure you have the child’s attention
Be Polite
Use Positive Statements
“Please walk” rather than, “Don’t Run”
Use specific words that the child can understand
Begin with an action verb
“Pick up your socks”
Give limited number of actions at a time
Be Clear
Give Praise and Love

13. Set Limits Children need limits to grow into responsible adults
When setting limits, parents and caregivers should follow this general guideline:
Limits should keep children from hurting themselves, other people, or property.
Children will respect and follow guidelines if they are reasonable.
Does the limit allow the child to learn, grow, and explore?
Is the limit fair and appropriate for the child’s age?
Does the limit benefit the child, or is it just for the adults convenience?

14. Provide Positive Reinforcement
Positive Reinforcement is a response that encourages a particular behavior.
When children learn that an action wins attention and approval they are more likely to repeat that action.
Follow these guidelines:
Be Specific
Common on the behavior as soon as it happens
Recognize small steps
Help children take pride in their actions
Tailor the encouragement to the needs of the child
Use positive reinforcement wisely
If they are praised for everything… it no longer motivates them.

15. Deal with Inappropriate Behavior
No matter how good your parenting skills are, children are always going to misbehave.
The child’s age should shape the adults response.
Here are some questions to consider before deciding how to respond to inappropriate behavior.
Is the expected behavior appropriate, given the childs age and development?
Does the child understand that the behavior was wrong?
Did the child do the behavior knowingly and deliberately, or was it beyond the child’s control?

16. Unintentional Misbehavior
With children of any age, at times misbehavior is unintentional.
A young child may drop a glass of milk that is to heavy.
Misbehavior is also unintentional if they child had no way of knowing it was wrong.
Social situations, etc.
Flower in a park example

17. Effective Punishment
Punishment can help remind children that correct behavior is important.
It teaches them that there are consequences for poor choices.
When using punishment, parents should show they disapprove of the behavior but that they still love the child.
Avoid blame or criticism.
Mistakes vs. Intention

18. Negative Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement is a response aimed at strengthening desired behavior by removing an unpleasant trigger.
Several different methods can be used:
1. Natural Consequences
2. Logical Consequences
3. Loss of Privileges
4. Time-outs
When deciding which method to use, the parent needs to know which is effective for their child.
Not every child is the same and will react the same way.

19. Natural Consequences
Children suffer from the actual result of their action.
Example:
Kwan loses his new jacket. Using natural consequences, his parent do not replace it and he has to wear his old jacket.
When natural consequences occur, a parent does not lecture.
Children who are rescued from their choices will expect to be saved whenever they make poor choices.

20. Logical Consequences
Parents often choose logical consequences when natural consequences are inappropriate.
Example
Katy colored on the table with crayons.
Natural consequence (mom was more bothered than Katy)
Logical Consequence: took crayons away for a day
When choosing this, parents need to know they have to follow through.

21. Loss of Privilege
This type of punishment is most effective for children ages 5 and up.
Works best if the item taken away is related to the misbehavior.

22. Time-Out
A time-out is a short period of time in which a child sits away from other people and the center of activity.
Purpose: giving the child a change to calm down and regain self-control
Emotions are running high and the child simply needs a break

23. Poor Disciplinary Measures
Bribing
Backfire- teaches children to expect rewards
Making children promise to behave
May be forced to lie rather than reporting a bad behavior
Shouting of Yelling
Tune out, etc
Shaming or Belittling
Worthless feeling
Threatening to withhold love
Children take this seriously
Exaggerating consequences
Frighten children

24. Consistency in Guidance
Being consistent is the key to guiding children’s behavior.
Consistency is a matter of clearly making rules and applying them the same every time.
Children know what is expected of them
Especially important for both parents to be on the same page
Even in divorces, etc.
Lose trust and confidence if inconsistent