1. NAVIGATION OLD AND NEW - 1492

2. Astrolabe –
Indicates direction north and south (latitude) by using stars
(Invented by the Arabs)

3. Hour Glass – Used to tell distance East and West
Judge high noon, each hour from this point = 15° longitude
(Really an educated guess)

4. Log and Line –
Indicates speed in knots

5. Rutter – (pronounced Rooter)
Personal records of the captain (hopefully accurate)

6. Compass- Indicated direction
Invented by the Chinese in the 2nd century – used for navigation by 11th century

7. Dead Reckoning – Location by sight
Used landmarks and shore to go farther away from port
(similar to a young child exploring his neighborhood)

8. Sounding – Indicates depth of water
Scoop on the end of rope to pull up sand. The amount of rope that gets wet indicates depth of water.

9. Maps and Charts –
Hope they are accurate!

11. Tacking – Used to sail into the wind.
Triangle sails enabled ships to pick up wind if they sailed in a zigzag pattern.

14. PARTS OF A SHIP

15. BARNACLES
Barnacles stick to the boat hull and grow creating a sort of skin over the hull. This slows boat by taking away smoothness of hull and adding weight. Barnacles get knocked off and fall off, which pulls outer hull coating off allowing rot to get inside the wood.

16. CAREENING
The ship in this print has been careened - turned on her side - for repairs or cleaning

17. FOOD ON THE SHIPS
Salted Beef
Wine
Hard tack
Beer
Salted Pork

19. LAW AND ORDER ON A SHIP

20. Dance the hempen jig
Throwing overboard

21. Cat-o-Nine Tails
Chain Hanging

22. Keelhauling

23. Marooning