1. BCGCA3004B Construct Wall Framing

3. Wall Framing National Construction Code states that

4. What does this mean NSW law has adopted the National Construction Code (NCC) as “Building Law” The “Building Law” says that the methods outline in AS 1684.2 will comply with this law. So if you follow the methods outlined in AS 1684.2, unless otherwise stated you do not need any other design assistance e.g. Engineer etc.

5. AS 1684.2 Scope Page 9 Section 1.1

6. AS 1684.2 Scope Page 9 Section 1.1 This means that this standard only applies the Residential Buildings (Class 1) or Garages & Carports (Class 10).

7. Wall Frame Members Parts of a frame perform specific functions - supporting live & dead loads - resist Racking Forces - resist Overturning Forces - resist Sliding Forces - resist Uplift Forces -Most members provide a face to accept linings (this means that member sizes may be limited)

8. Live Load

9. Dead Load

10. Racking Forces Wind

11. Overturning Forces Wind

12. Sliding Forces Wind

13. Uplift Forces Wind

14. What is a Timber Frame Structurally Connected Timber Members Resist Forces Forming a Wall Frame to meet requirements – Height – Load Roof, Upper Levels etc – Openings

15. Timbers Generally Used Radiata Pine F5 MGP 10 Higher Grades for Lintels etc. Oregon F5 Hardwood – Generally only used for Lintels etc. Engineered Timbers – Generally only used for Lintels etc.

16. Basic Frame Components Refer page 2 TAFE Guide

17. Common Stud Main Vertical component of the wall Transfer Loads from Top Plate to Bottom Plate Accept wall finishes – Straightness will affect the quality Accept fittings & Fixtures – Driers, Shelving etc.

18. Common Studs Vertical members placed between the plates The set the wall height Studs in external frames resist Wind Loads Generally Stud sizes are 90mm or 70mm wide by 45mm or 35mm in seasoned timbers and 75mm or 100mm wide by 50mm or 38mm in seasoned timbers. Required Stud sizes can be found in AS 1684.2 Supplements (which we will look at Shortly)

19. Common Studs May be Straightened to provide acceptable wall Only 20% of Studs may be Straightened Studs at sides of Openings & Supporting Concentrated Loads shall not be Crippled

20. Straightening Refer to Page 59 of AS 1684.2

21. Confirmation of Learning On A4 page supplied draw & label an Isometric view showing the method of Crippling Studs

22. Frame Components Common Studs What Consideration For Selection Determine Required Grade – Cost v Size, Usually MGP10 Level – Upper/Single or Lower Select Correct Table – For member Upper Floor Joist Spacing – Applicable to Double Storey Only Upper Floor Load Width – Applicable to Double Storey Only Roof Material – Tile/Metal Rafter/Truss Spacing – Roof Panel Width Stud Spacing – How much of Roof Panel does it carry Stud Height – The Taller a stud the less load it can carry Roof Load Width – Roof Panel Length Span Tables supplied – Identify Part

23. Worked Example Determining Studs Refer to Supplied Plans Determine minimum sizes of Studs 1.External Walls at rear (Single Storey Section) At Point marked 1 2.External Walls at front (Two Storey Section) At Point marked 2 (Lower Level) At Point marked 3 (Upper Level) Present this to your trainer for confirmation of Understanding and recording of completion of the task

24. Select Stud

25. To Determine Studs – Answer the Questions Determine Required Grade – MGP 10 Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Select Correct Table – Upper Floor Joist Spacing – Upper Floor Load Width – Roof Material – Rafter/Truss Spacing – Stud Spacing – Stud Height – Roof Load Width -

27. To Determine Studs – Answer the Questions Determine Required Grade – MGP 10 Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Single Select Correct Table – Upper Floor Joist Spacing – Upper Floor Load Width – Roof Material – Rafter/Truss Spacing – Stud Spacing – Stud Height – Roof Load Width -

29. To Determine Studs – Answer the Questions Determine Required Grade – MGP 10 Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Single Select Correct Table – Table 7 Studs Not Notched Upper Floor Joist Spacing – Upper Floor Load Width – Roof Material – Rafter/Truss Spacing – Stud Spacing – Stud Height – Roof Load Width -

31. To Determine Studs – Answer the Questions Determine Required Grade – MGP 10 Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Single Select Correct Table – Table 7 Studs Not Notched Upper Floor Joist Spacing –N/A Upper Floor Load Width – N/A Roof Material – Rafter/Truss Spacing – Stud Spacing – Stud Height – Roof Load Width -

32. To Determine Studs – Answer the Questions Determine Required Grade – MGP 10 Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Single Select Correct Table – Table 7 Studs Not Notched Upper Floor Joist Spacing –N/A Upper Floor Load Width – N/A Roof Material – Tile Roof Rafter/Truss Spacing – Stud Spacing – Stud Height – Roof Load Width -

34. To Determine Studs – Answer the Questions Determine Required Grade – MGP 10 Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Single Select Correct Table – Table 7 Studs Not Notched Upper Floor Joist Spacing –N/A Upper Floor Load Width – N/A Roof Material – Tile Roof Rafter/Truss Spacing – 600mm (This is determined when Roof is Designed) Stud Spacing – Stud Height – Roof Load Width -

36. To Determine Studs – Answer the Questions Determine Required Grade – MGP 10 Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Single Select Correct Table – Table 7 Studs Not Notched Upper Floor Joist Spacing –N/A Upper Floor Load Width – N/A Roof Material – Tile Roof Rafter/Truss Spacing – 600mm Stud Spacing – 600mm (This is determined by linings, load etc) Stud Height – Roof Load Width -

38. To Determine Studs – Answer the Questions Determine Required Grade – MGP 10 Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Single Select Correct Table – Table 7 Studs Not Notched Upper Floor Joist Spacing –N/A Upper Floor Load Width – N/A Roof Material – Tile Roof Rafter/Truss Spacing – 600mm Stud Spacing – 600mm Stud Height – 2700 Roof Load Width -

39. 3 Options

40. To Determine Studs – Answer the Questions Determine Required Grade – MGP 10 Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Single Level Select Correct Table – Table 7 Studs Not Notched Upper Floor Joist Spacing – N/A Upper Floor Load Width – N/A Roof Material – Tile Roof Rafter/Truss Spacing – 600mm Stud Spacing – 600mm Stud Height - 2700 Roof Load Width - 5400

42. Select the best For the Situation 70 x 35 Most Suitable 75mm Most Suitable 90mm

43. Lower Floor Example

45. To Determine Studs – Answer the Questions Determine Required Grade – MGP 10 Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Select Correct Table – Roof Material – Upper Floor Joist Spacing – Upper Floor Load Width – Rafter/Truss Spacing – Stud Spacing – Stud Height – Roof Load Width -

47. To Determine Studs – Answer the Questions Determine Required Grade – MGP 10 Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Lower Level Select Correct Table – Roof Material – Upper Floor Joist Spacing – Upper Floor Load Width – Rafter/Truss Spacing – Stud Spacing – Stud Height – Roof Load Width -

49. To Determine Studs – Answer the Questions Determine Required Grade – MGP 10 Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Lower Level Select Correct Table – Table 36 Studs Not Notched Roof Material – Upper Floor Joist Spacing – Upper Floor Load Width – Rafter/Truss Spacing – Stud Spacing – Stud Height – Roof Load Width -

51. To Determine Studs – Answer the Questions Determine Required Grade – MGP 10 Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Lower Level Select Correct Table – Table 36 Studs Not Notched Roof Material – Tile Roof Upper Floor Joist Spacing – Upper Floor Load Width – Rafter/Truss Spacing – Stud Spacing – Stud Height – Roof Load Width -

53. To Determine Studs – Answer the Questions Determine Required Grade – MGP 10 Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Lower Level Select Correct Table – Table 36 Studs Not Notched Roof Material – Tile Roof Upper Floor Joist Spacing – 600mm Upper Floor Load Width – Rafter/Truss Spacing – Stud Spacing – Stud Height – Roof Load Width -

55. To Determine Studs – Answer the Questions Determine Required Grade – MGP 10 Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Lower Level Select Correct Table – Table 36 Studs Not Notched Roof Material – Tile Roof Upper Floor Joist Spacing – 600mm Upper Floor Load Width – 3000mm Rafter/Truss Spacing – Stud Spacing – Stud Height – Roof Load Width -

57. To Determine Studs – Answer the Questions Determine Required Grade – MGP 10 Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Lower Level Select Correct Table – Table 36 Studs Not Notched Roof Material – Tile Roof Upper Floor Joist Spacing – 600mm Upper Floor Load Width – 3000mm Rafter/Truss Spacing – N/A as load is dissipated by 1 st Floor Stud Spacing – Stud Height – Roof Load Width -

58. To Determine Studs – Answer the Questions Determine Required Grade – MGP 10 Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Lower Level Select Correct Table – Table 36 Studs Not Notched Roof Material – Tile Roof Upper Floor Joist Spacing – 600mm Upper Floor Load Width – 3000mm Rafter/Truss Spacing – N/A Stud Spacing – 600mm Stud Height – Roof Load Width -

60. To Determine Studs – Answer the Questions Determine Required Grade – MGP 10 Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Lower Level Select Correct Table – Table 36 Studs Not Notched Roof Material – Tile Roof Upper Floor Joist Spacing – 600mm Upper Floor Load Width – 3000mm Rafter/Truss Spacing – N/A Stud Spacing – 600mm Stud Height – 2700mm Roof Load Width -

62. To Determine Studs – Answer the Questions Determine Required Grade – MGP 10 Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Lower Level Select Correct Table – Table 36 Studs Not Notched Roof Material – Tile Roof Upper Floor Joist Spacing – 600mm Upper Floor Load Width – 3000mm Rafter/Truss Spacing – N/A Stud Spacing – 600mm Stud Height – 2700mm Roof Load Width – 3800mm

63. Most Suitable 75mm Most Suitable 90mm

64. Confirmation of Learning Refer to Supplied Plans Trainer to Provide – Rafter/Truss Spacing – Stud Spacing – Roof Load Width = ½ Span ÷ Cos (Pitch°) Determine minimum sizes of Studs 1.External Walls at rear (Single Storey Section) At Point marked 1 2.External Walls at front (Two Storey Section) At Point marked 2 (Lower Level) At Point marked 3 (Upper Level)

65. Basic Frame Components Refer page 2 TAFE Guide

66. Jamb Studs Additional Studs placed at sides of Openings in walls carrying structural loads Accommodate extra loads imposed by Lintels

67. Jamb Studs - Notching

68. Jamb Studs - Housing Why Bother 2/75 x 3.8mm is more than enough Housings not allowed in Load Bearing Walls

69. Frame Components Jamb Studs What Consideration For Selection Determine Required Grade – Cost v Size. Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Is it taking 1 st Floor Load. Select Correct Table – Common, Jamb or Concentrated Loads Studs. Upper Floor Load Width – Floor Load Panel Length (Only Applies to 2 Storey). Roof Material – Tile or Metal Roof Roof Load Width – Roof Load Panel Length Lintel Span – Opening being Spanned Stud Height – Taller Stud has less ability to carry load. Span Tables supplied – Identify Part

71. Frame Components Jamb Studs What Consideration For Selection Determine Required Grade – MGP10 Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Single Select Correct Table – Table 11 Upper Floor Load Width – N/A Roof Material – Tile Roof Load Width – Lintel Span – Stud Height – Span Tables supplied – Identify Part

73. Frame Components Jamb Studs What Consideration For Selection Determine Required Grade – MGP10 Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Single Select Correct Table – Table 11 Upper Floor Load Width – N/A Roof Material – Tile Roof Load Width – 5400 Lintel Span – Stud Height – Span Tables supplied – Identify Part

75. Frame Components Jamb Studs What Consideration For Selection Determine Required Grade – MGP10 Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Single Select Correct Table – Table 11 Upper Floor Load Width – N/A Roof Material – Tile Roof Load Width – 5400 Stud Height – 2700 Lintel Span – Span Tables supplied – Identify Part

77. Frame Components Jamb Studs What Consideration For Selection Determine Required Grade – MGP10 Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Single Select Correct Table – Table 11 Upper Floor Load Width – N/A Roof Material – Tile Roof Load Width – 5400 Stud Height – 2700 Lintel Span – 1900 Span Tables supplied – Identify Part

78. Most Suitable for 70mm Most Suitable for 90mm

79. Studs for Concentrated Loads

80. Studs for Concentrated Loads See Page 67 - AS 1684.2 - 2006 Point Load from Beam etc. that gathers load from other structural members

81. Studs for Concentrated Loads See Page 67 - AS 1684.2 - 2006 Point Load from Beam etc. that gathers load from other structural members Beams etc. > 3000mm that take loads from – Strutting Beams – Roof Struts – Girder Trusses or – Hanging Beams

83. Frame Components Studs Supporting Concentrated Loads` What Consideration For Selection Determine Required Grade – Cost v Size. Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Is it taking 1 st Floor Load. Select Correct Table – Common, Jamb or Concentrated Loads Studs. Upper Floor Load Width – Floor Load Panel Length (Only Applies to 2 Storey). Roof Material – Tile or Metal Roof Stud Height – Taller Stud has less ability to carry load. Roof Area Supported – Roof Load Imposed Span Tables supplied – Identify Part

85. Frame Components Studs Supporting Concentrated Loads` What Consideration For Selection Determine Required Grade – MGP 10 Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Single Select Correct Table – Table 9 Upper Floor Load Width – N/A Roof Material – Tile Stud Height – Roof Area Supported – Span Tables supplied – Identify Part

87. Frame Components Studs Supporting Concentrated Loads` What Consideration For Selection Determine Required Grade – MGP 10 Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Single Select Correct Table – Table 9 Upper Floor Load Width – N/A Roof Material – Tile Stud Height – 2700 Roof Area Supported – Span Tables supplied – Identify Part

89. Frame Components Studs Supporting Concentrated Loads` What Consideration For Selection Determine Required Grade – MGP 10 Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Single Select Correct Table – Table 9 Upper Floor Load Width – N/A Roof Material – Tile Stud Height – 2700 Roof Area Supported – (4.150 x 5.400) ÷ 4 = 5.6m 2 Note – Dimensions are in metres = 4.150 = 5.400

90. Therefore a 70 x 45 is sufficient

91. Studs supporting concentrated Loads It is important that you develop the ability to recognise the location of Concentrated Loads This will allow you to install the required studs while manufacturing the frames

92. Discuss Concept of Pattern Stud Common Studs Lintel Positions Trimmers

93. Basic Frame Components Refer page 2 TAFE Guide

94. Frame Components Bottom Plate Horizontal member that form the bottom of the frame. Bottom plate must run full length of wall, except at openings (cl 6.2.2) Bottom plates are joined with butt joints with fixing near the joint Joints must be fully supported

95. Frame Components Bottom Plate Horizontal member that form the bottom of the frame. Bottom plate must run full length of wall, except at openings (cl 6.2.2) Bottom plates are joined with butt joints with fixing near the joint Joints must be fully supported Where the Bottom Plate Supports a concentrated Load or Jamb Studs to openings > 1200, the bottom plate must be fully supported

96. Frame Components Bottom Plate Sizing Bottom plate sizing is dependent on its span If it is fully supported (e.g. Concrete Slab) only nominal 35mm thickness required for any structural grade (cl 6.3.3) Items to consider when determining the size of Bottom Plate are listed in the span tables where you make the selections. (page 1 & 2 of Handout) 1.Timber Grade – Strength of Timber 2.Joist Spacing – Means greater span 3.Loading – Load that is to be disturbed through structure Is it a tiled roof, Is it the lower level of a 2 storey building 4.Rafter/Joist Spacing – More load concentrated at studs once distributed. Span Tables supplied – Identify Part

97. Design Parameters for Bottom Plate

98. Worked Example Roof MaterialSheet Roof Rafter / Truss Spacing600mm Joist Spacing450mm Roof Load Width6000mm

99. Worked Example Roof MaterialSheet Roof Rafter / Truss Spacing600mm Joist Spacing450mm Roof Load Width6000mm

101. Worked Example Roof MaterialSheet Roof Rafter / Truss Spacing600mm Joist Spacing450mm Roof Load Width6000mm

103. Worked Example Roof MaterialSheet Roof Rafter / Truss Spacing600mm Joist Spacing450mm Roof Load Width6000mm

104. Select most Suitable

105. Worked Example Roof MaterialSheet Roof Rafter / Truss Spacing600mm Joist Spacing450mm Roof Load Width6000mm

106. v 70 x 45 Or 90 x 45

107. Confirmation of Learning Determine Minimum Member Size Based on Following Data (Conventional Floor System) Roof Load Width4100mm Truss Spacing600mm Joist Spacing450mm Stud90mm Wide Roof MaterialTile Minimum Size ______________________ Determine Minimum Member Size Based on Following Data (Concrete Slab) Roof Load Width4100mm Truss Spacing600mm Joist SpacingN/A Stud70mm Wide Roof MaterialTile Minimum Size ______________________

108. Confirmation of Learning - Answer Determine Minimum Member Size Based on Following Data (Conventional Floor System) Roof Load Width4100mm Truss Spacing600mm Joist Spacing450mm Stud90mm Wide Roof MaterialTile Minimum Size 90 x 45 Determine Minimum Member Size Based on Following Data (Concrete Slab) Roof Load Width4100mm Truss Spacing600mm Joist SpacingN/A Stud70mm Wide Roof MaterialTile Minimum Size70 x 35 (Nominal as Fully Supported)

109. Basic Frame Components Refer page 2 TAFE Guide

110. Top Plate An Important Structural Member Provides Lateral tie to the Building

111. Top Plate An Important Structural Member Provides Lateral tie to the Building Provides a transition point for the connection of Roofing Members and distribution of loads A Component of the Bracing System

112. Top Plate An Important Structural Member Provides Lateral tie to the Building Provides a transition point for the connection of Roofing Members and distribution of loads A Component of the Bracing System A component of the uplift restraint system

113. Top Plate To Plates must run full length of the wall Top Plate must run over openings Concentrated Loads must be Fully Supported

114. Frame Components To Plate Sizing Top plate sizing is dependent (See pages 3 to 6 of Handout) Positioning of Rafter/Truss (See next Slide) Upper or Lower Level (Pages 3 & 4 v Pages 5 & 6) 1.Timber Grade – Strength of Timber 2.Roof Material – Tile v Metal 3.Rafter/Truss Spacing – How & Where the Load is applied 4.Stud Spacing – How much bending will be caused by Rafters 5.Roof Load Width - How wide is the Building (see next slide) Span Tables supplied – Identify Part

115. Frame Components To Plate Sizing Top plate sizing is dependent (See pages 3 to 6 of Handout) (Pages 3 & 4 v Pages 5 & 6) 1.Timber Grade – Strength of Timber 2.Location – Single Level, Upper Level or Lower of 2 Storey 3.Roof Material – Tile v Metal 4.Rafter/Truss Spacing – How & Where the Load is applied 5.Tie Down Spacing – Bending imposed on Top Plate by Uplift 6.Stud Spacing – How much bending will be caused by Rafters 7.Roof Load Width - How wide is the Building (see next slide)

116. Worked Example Roof MaterialSheet Roof LocationSingle Storey Rafter / Truss Spacing600mm Tie Down Spacing600mm Stud Spacing450mm Roof Load Width6000mm

117. Worked Example Roof MaterialSheet Roof LocationSingle Storey Rafter / Truss Spacing600mm Tie Down Spacing600mm Stud Spacing450mm Roof Load Width6000mm

119. Worked Example Roof MaterialSheet Roof LocationSingle Storey Rafter / Truss Spacing600mm Tie Down Spacing600mm Stud Spacing450mm Roof Load Width6000mm

121. Worked Example Roof MaterialSheet Roof LocationSingle Storey Rafter / Truss Spacing600mm Tie Down Spacing600mm Stud Spacing450mm Roof Load Width6000mm

123. Worked Example Roof MaterialSheet Roof LocationSingle Storey Rafter / Truss Spacing600mm Tie Down Spacing600mm Stud Spacing450mm Roof Load Width6000mm

125. Worked Example Roof MaterialSheet Roof LocationSingle Storey Rafter / Truss Spacing600mm Tie Down Spacing0 Stud Spacing450mm Roof Load Width6000mm

126. 70 x 45 90 x 45

127. Confirmation of Learning Determine Minimum Member Size Based on Following Data Roof MaterialSheet Roof LocationSingle Storey Rafter / Truss Spacing600mm Tie Down Spacing0 Stud Spacing600mm Roof Load Width5500mm Wall Frame Width70mm Minimum Size ______________________

128. Confirmation of Learning - Answer Determine Minimum Member Size Based on Following Data Roof MaterialSheet Roof LocationSingle Storey Rafter / Truss Spacing600mm Tie Down Spacing0 Stud Spacing600mm Roof Load Width5500mm Wall Frame Width70mm Minimum Size 70 x 45

129. Undersize Top Plate

131. Plates Seasoned timbers are dressed therefore trenching not required Rough Sawn Timbers such as Oregon, Hardwood require trenching. Housing of plates for studs provides a constant thickness Trenching keeps Top & Bottom plates parallel Restrains Unseasoned Studs from twisting

132. Trenching usually appox 10 mm Trenching depth is not critical but what is left on is. Top Plates fully supported on masonary walls will be sized based on a 300mm spacing

133. Joining of Plates Where plates are butt jointed they may be joined using a connector plate.

134. Joining of Plates Plates may be Scarfed or Lapped jointed. Theses are time consuming and rarely used

135. Calculate Plate Lengths During Fabrication Top & Bottom Plates are the same length Plates should be as long as possible Consider manpower available to stand frames Remember Top Plate must be continuous

136. Roof Load Width AS 1684 - Definition

137. Roof Load Width Why is it an Important Consideration?

138. Roof Load Width Why is it an Important Consideration? Compare if Y= 5m & b = 0.6m

139. Roof Load Width Why is it an Important Consideration? The Top Plate in the Top example is taking more load Compare if Y= 5m & b = 0.6m B = 5 + 5 + 0.6 2 = 5.6m B = 5 + 0.6 6 = 1.433m

140. Uplift Uplift is a complex item and dealt with at Cert IV level Generally in Sydney for a Tile Roof it is not a consideration (See next slide) except for; – Ocean Front – Top of a Hill – Isolated Buildings with no wind shielding

142. Basic Frame Components Refer page 2 TAFE Guide

143. Lintels Also referred to as a Head when it is not supporting Structural Loads Horizontal Load Bearing Member between Studs Purpose is to transfer structural loads that are above an opening to load bearing studs May be made of many materials - Timber - Engineered Timbers - LVL’s, I Beams - Structural Steel or Cold Rolled Steel Sections

144. Lintels – Installation Requirements AS 1684 Figure 6.9 page 64

145. Lintels – Installation Requirements AS 1684 Figure 6.9 page 64

146. Lintels – Installation Requirements AS 1684 Figure 6.9 page 64

147. Lintels – Installation Requirements AS 1684 Figure 6.9 page 64

148. From experience this is my preferred method as if there is A change in size or height, it does not require a major alteration It is a simple change of the infill head.

149. Lintels – Requirement for Top Plate The Top Plate CANNOT be cut To fit a Lintel Top Plate must be Continuous

150. Frame Components Lintel Sizing Lintel sizing is dependent (See pages 9 & 10 of Handout) 1.Timber Grade – Strength of Timber 2.Roof Material – Tile v Metal 3.Location – Upper,Single or Lower Level of 2 Storey 4.Floor Load Width– Applicable to Lowers Storey of 2 Storey Only 5.Roof Load Width - How wide is the Building 6.Rafter Truss Spacing – Loading on Beam 7.Lintel Span – Required Span Span Tables supplied – Identify Part

151. Worked Example

152. 1.Timber Grade – MGP10 2.Roof Material – Tile 3.Location – Single Level 4.Floor Load Width– 5.Roof Load Width – 6.Rafter Truss Spacing – 7.Lintel Span – Worked Example

154. 1.Timber Grade – MGP10 2.Roof Material – Tile 3.Location – Single Level 4.Floor Load Width – N/A 5.Roof Load Width – 3500mm 6.Rafter Truss Spacing – 7.Lintel Span – Worked Example

156. 1.Timber Grade – MGP10 2.Roof Material – Tile 3.Location – Single Level 4.Floor Load Width – N/A 5.Roof Load Width – 3500mm 6.Rafter Truss Spacing – 600mm 7.Lintel Span – Worked Example

158. 1.Timber Grade – MGP10 2.Roof Material – Tile 3.Location – Single Level 4.Floor Load Width – N/A 5.Roof Load Width – 3500mm 6.Rafter Truss Spacing – 600mm 7.Lintel Span – 2100mm Worked Example

160. 6. Noggins

161. Stop Studs from Twisting, Cupping etc Assist Studs to take load – prevent buckling under load Form Part of Bracing System

162. 6.Noggins Walls > 1350mm in height must have noggins Max Spacing between rows = 1350mm No Stress grading required Min 25mm Thick Noggins may be offset 2 x Thickness to allow for ease of Installation Min width = Wall Thickness – 25mm

163. Confirmation of Learning 1.How many Rows of Noggins are required for following wall heights. 1.2550 2.3000 3.3800 2.Is a 70 x 35 Noggin suitable for a 90mm Wall Frame

164. Bracing

165. 6. Bracing Member that prevents distortion of frame by – Racking Forces You must determine Wind load on Building

166. Bracing There are many materials that can be used to Brace a wall frame. These generally form part of a system. See page 4 of TAFE Notes

167. Diagonal Timber Bracing Rarely Used Today.

168. Diamond Bracing Not Mentioned in AS 1684.2. Must be Considered an Alternative Solution. Would require an Engineer to Certify.

169. Perforated Metal Angle Where there a 2 in a wall, They should oppose each other

170. Hoop Iron Cross Bracing A very good and efficient method and should be 1 st choice

171. Hoop Iron Cross Bracing Tensioning should be done during the hottest part of the day

172. Hoop Iron Cross Bracing Final Nailing off should be done as late as possible Leave temporary bracing as long as possible

173. Sheet Bracing Plywood or Hardboard (Masonite)

174. 6. Bracing Member that prevents distortion of frame by – Racking Forces – Section 8 of Standard

176. (a) Determine Wind Classification

177. Limitations of Classification

178. Same Limitations AS 1684.2

179. (a) Determine Wind Classification AS 4055 Outline the Process to Determine 1.Geographic Wind Speed 2.Terrain Category 3.Topographic Class 4.Shielding

180. (a) Determine Wind Classification AS 4055 Outline the Process to Determine 1.Geographic Wind Region 2.Terrain Category 3.Topographic Class 4.Shielding

181. 1.Geographic Wind Region

182. Exercise What Region are the following Cities or towns located in – Sydney______________ – Brisbane______________ – Melbourne______________ – Darwin______________ – Perth______________ – Grafton (NSW)______________ – Townsville (Qld)______________ – Alice Springs (NT)______________ – Perisher Valley (NSW)______________ – Launceston (TAS)______________ – Port Hedland (WA)______________

183. Exercise - Answer What Region are the following Cities or towns located in – SydneyA – BrisbaneB – MelbourneA – DarwinC – PerthA – Grafton (NSW)B – Townsville (Qld)C – Alice Springs (NT)A – Perisher Valley (NSW)A – Launceston (TAS)A – Port Hedland (WA)D

184. (a) Determine Wind Classification AS 4055 Outline the Process to Determine 1.Geographic Wind Speed 2.Terrain Category 3.Topographic Class 4.Shielding

185. 2.Terain Category

187. Exercise Determine The Follow Terrain Categories 1.An Isolated House at Woomera with no significant Topographical features for 15km in all directions. Classification_________________ 2.A House at Bronte located on the Ocean Front. Classification_________________ 3.House Build adjacent to Richmond Air force Base Classification_________________ 4.A house in Alexandria (NSW) Classification_________________

188. Exercise - Answer Determine The Follow Terrain Categories 1.An Isolated House at Woomera with no significant Topographical features for 15km in all directions. ClassificationTC1 2.A House at Bronte located on the Ocean Front. ClassificationTC2 3.House Build adjacent to Richmond Air force Base ClassificationTC2 4.A house in Alexandria (NSW) ClassificationTC3

189. (a) Determine Wind Classification AS 4055 Outline the Process to Determine 1.Geographic Wind Speed 2.Terrain Category 3.Topographic Class 4.Shielding

190. 3. Topographic Class Topographic class determines the effect of wind on a house considering its location on a, hill, ridge or escarpment and the height and average slope of the hill, ridge or escarpment.

191. 3. Topographic Class Where average slope is Greater than 1 in 20 is the Start of the “Hill”.

192. 3. Topographic Class Height of Hill.

193. 3. Topographic Class Height of Hill. Note Parameter for Escarpment

194. 3.Topographic Class AS 4055 - 2006

195. Topography for Hills Explained

196. Determine Average Slope The average slope of a hill, ridge or escarpment (φ a ) shall be the slope measured by averaging the steepest slope and the least slope through the top half of the hill, ridge or escarpment.

197. AS 4055 - Table 2.3 Row 1 Average Slope < 1 in 10 All Heights T1

198. AS 4055 - Table 2.3 Row 2 Average Slope < 1 in 10 & > 1 in 7.5 *Less than 20m all T1 T1 T2*

199. AS 4055 - Table 2.3 Row 3 Average Slope < 1 in 7.5 & > 1 in 5 T1 *Less than 9m all T1 *H > 30 T3 *H ≤ 30 T2

200. AS 4055 - Table 2.3 Row 4 Average Slope < 1 in 5 & > 1 in 3 T1 T2 H > 30 T4 H ≤ 30 T3 H

201. AS 4055 - Table 2.3 Row 5 Average Slope > 1 in 3 T1 T2 H > 30 T5 H ≤ 30 T4 H

202. Topography for Escarpments Explained

203. 3.Topographic Class AS 4055 - 2006

204. Determine Average Slope The average slope of a hill, ridge or escarpment (φ a ) shall be the slope measured by averaging the steepest slope and the least slope through the top half of the hill, ridge or escarpment.

205. AS 4055 - Table 2.3 Row 1 Average Slope < 1 in 10 All Heights T1

206. AS 4055 - Table 2.3 Row 2 Average Slope < 1 in 10 & > 1 in 7.5 *Less than 20m all T1 T1 *T2 T1

207. AS 4055 - Table 2.3 Row 3 Average Slope < 1 in 7.5 & > 1 in 5 T1 *Less than 9m all T1 *H > 30 T3 *H ≤ 30 T2 T1

208. AS 4055 - Table 2.3 Row 4 Average Slope < 1 in 5 & > 1 in 3 T1 T2 H > 30 T4 H ≤ 30 T3 H T2

209. AS 4055 - Table 2.3 Row 5 Average Slope > 1 in 3 T1 T2 H > 30 T5 H ≤ 30 T4 H T3

210. Worked Example For Our Purposes in this course we will always use T1 You will go into more detail in the CERT IV Course

211. (a) Determine Wind Classification AS 4055 Outline the Process to Determine 1.Geographic Wind Speed 2.Terrain Category 3.Topographic Class 4.Shielding

212. The affect of local obstructions on wind flow The 5 year likely impact must be considered – Growth of Trees etc. – Proposed Developments etc. Classes – Full Shielding (FS) – Partial Shielding (PS) – No Shielding (NS)

213. Full Shielding (FS) 1.Surrounded by 2 Rows of Houses 2.Heavily Wooded Areas (Zones A & B Only) 3.Typical Suburb consisting of 10 houses per Ha 4.Roads or Parks less than 100m wide are ignored

214. Partial Shielding (PS) 2.5 Houses, Trees, Sheds etc. per Ha In Regions C & D heavily wooded areas

215. No Shielding (NS) No Permanent Obstructions Less than 2.5 obstructions per Ha First 2 Rows abutting Open Parkland, Open Water, Airfield etc.

216. Worked Examples

218. Wind Classification

219. Worked Example TAFE UNI Randwick Town Centre

220. Worked Example Geographic Wind RegionRegion A

221. Worked Example Geographic Wind RegionRegion A TopographyT1 House is not On a hill

222. Worked Example Geographic Wind RegionRegion A TopographyT1 ShieldingFS Shielded by 2 Rows of Houses

223. Worked Example Geographic Wind RegionRegion A TopographyT1 ShieldingFS Terrain Category TC 3

224. Worked Example Geographic Wind RegionRegion A TopographyT1 ShieldingFS Terrain Category TC 3

225. Worked Example Geographic Wind RegionRegion A TopographyT1 ShieldingFS Terrain Category TC 3

226. Worked Example Geographic Wind RegionRegion A TopographyT1 ShieldingFS Terrain Category TC 3

227. Worked Example Geographic Wind RegionRegion A TopographyT1 ShieldingFS Terrain Category TC 3 Wind Category is N1

228. Worked Example Bronte Ocean Front

229. Worked Example Geographic Wind RegionRegion A

230. Worked Example Geographic Wind RegionRegion A TopographyT5 House is located on top Of 30m escarpment

231. Worked Example Geographic Wind RegionRegion A TopographyT5 ShieldingNS No Shielding on Ocean Side – You must always use worst case example

232. Worked Example Geographic Wind RegionRegion A TopographyT5 ShieldingNS Terrain CategoryTC1

233. Worked Example Geographic Wind RegionRegion A TopographyT5 ShieldingNS Terrain CategoryTC1

234. Worked Example Geographic Wind RegionRegion A TopographyT5 ShieldingNS Terrain CategoryTC1

235. Worked Example Geographic Wind RegionRegion A TopographyT5 ShieldingNS Terrain CategoryTC1

236. Worked Example Geographic Wind RegionRegion A TopographyT5 ShieldingNS Terrain CategoryTC1 Wind Category = N5

238. Determine Wind Pressure Determined by; – Wind Classification – Tables 8.1 to 8.5 AS 1684.2 – Is dependant on the shape of the Building Is it a Gable or Hip or a more Complex shape? – Explained in Next Slides

245. Area of Elevation h = ½ height of the wall (half of the floor to ceiling height). For wind direction 2, the pressure on the gable end is determined from Table 8.1 pressure on the hip section of the elevation is determined from Table 8.2. The total of racking forces is the sum of the forces calculated for each section. Eaves < 1m 2 can be ignored. Table 8.1 Table 8.2

246. Area of Elevation You must determine Area of each part of the elevation Of the Building. 5000 6000 11000 15000 8000 7000

247. Area of Elevation Wind Direction 1 has 2 Shapes 1.1 = 14m 2 1.2 = 16m 2 12 12 Wind Direction 2 has 2 Shapes 1.1 = 14m 2 1.2 = 14m 2

249. (d) Calculating Racking Force Formula Area of Elevation x Wind Pressure Required Data Pitch = 30°

250. (d) Calculating Racking Force Wind Direction 1 has 2 Shapes 1.1 = 14m 2 x Wind Pressure ? 1.2 = 16m 2 12 12 Wind Direction 2 has 2 Shapes 1.1 = 14m 2 1.2 = 14m 2 Racking Force = Area x Wind Pressue 50006000

251. Wind Pressure Direction 1.1

252. (d) Calculating Racking Force Wind Direction 1 has 2 Shapes 1.1 = 14m 2 x 0.75 = 10.5 1.2 = 16m 2 x Wind Pressure ? 12 12 Wind Direction 2 has 2 Shapes 1.1 = 14m 2 1.2 = 14m 2 Racking Force = Area x Wind Pressue 50006000

253. Wind Pressure Direction 1.2

254. (d) Calculating Racking Force Wind Direction 1 has 2 Shapes 1.1 = 14m 2 x 0.75 = 10.5 1.2 = 16m 2 x 0.74 = 11.84 Total Racking Force = 22.34 12 12 Wind Direction 2 has 2 Shapes 1.1 = 14m 2 x Wind Pressure ? 1.2 = 14m 2 Racking Force = Area x Wind Pressue 50006000 8000 7000

255. Important Note Which Wind Pressure to Use ? As shape is the same from both directions We use the same Table (8.2) 15 000 8 000 Pitch 25° Wind N2

256. Pressure = 0.73 in Both Directions

257. Important Note Which Wind Pressure to Use ? As shape is different in each elevation we must determine individually for each direction And use WORST case. 15 000 8 000 Pitch 25° Wind N2 Table 8.2 Table 8.1

258. Pressure = 0.92

259. Pressure = 0.71

260. Important Note Which Wind Pressure to Use ? As the worst case is the Gable End, we must use the wind Pressure from Table 8.1 = 0.92 15 000 8 000 Pitch 25° Wind N2 Table 8.2 = 0.71 Table 8.1 = 0.92 The Gable End will ALWAYS have the highest pressure

261. Pressure = 0.71

262. (d) Calculating Racking Force - Revisited Wind Direction 1 has 2 Shapes 1.1 = 14m 2 x 0.75 = 10.5 1.2 = 16m 2 x 0.74 = 11.84 Total Racking Force = 22.34 12 12 Wind Direction 2 has 2 Shapes 1.1 = 14m 2 x Wind Pressure ? 1.2 = 14m 2 Racking Force = Area x Wind Pressue 50006000

263. Wind Pressure Direction 1.2 You must use this table as it is a Gable End

264. (d) Calculating Racking Force Wind Direction 1 has 2 Shapes 1.1 = 14m 2 x 0.75 = 10.5 1.2 = 16m 2 x 0.74 = 11.84 Total Racking Force = 22.34 12 12 Wind Direction 2 has 2 Shapes 2.1 = 14m 2 x 0.92 = 12.88 2.2 = 14m 2 x Wind Pressure ? Racking Force = Area x Wind Pressue 50006000 8000 7000

265. Wind Pressure Direction 2.2

266. (d) Calculating Racking Force Wind Direction 1 has 2 Shapes 1.1 = 14m 2 x 0.75 = 10.5 1.2 = 16m 2 x 0.74 = 11.84 Total Racking Force = 22.34 12 12 Wind Direction 2 has 2 Shapes 2.1 = 14m 2 x 0.92 = 12.88 2.2 = 14m 2 x 0.72 = 10.08 Total Racking Force = 22.96 Racking Force = Area x Wind Pressue 50006000 8000 7000

267. Before we do this lets see what (f) says

269. Clause 8.3.6.6 We must start placing Bracing at, 1.External Walls & 2.At Corners

270. Before we do this lets see what (f) says

271. Clause 8.3.6.7 Single or Upper Level Bracing Max Spacing is 9m for N2 & N2 Wind Classification For N3 & above refer Tables

274. Before we do this lets see what (f) says

275. Table 8.18 List Types of Bracing Systems that are “Deemed to Satisfy” Gives a value per/m length of Bracing Panel Theses values are used to counteract the Racking Forces calculated.

289. Before we do this lets see what (f) says

290. Clause 8.3.6.4 &Table 8.19

291. Lets Design

292. Design Wind Direction 1.1 Racking Force = 10.5 Wind Direction 1.2 Racking Force = 11.84 Wind Direction 2.1 Racking Force = 12.88 Wind Direction 2.2 Racking Force = 10.08 5000 6000 8000 7000 3000 4500 3500

293. Nominal Wall Bracing

294. Design – Area 1.1 Wind Direction 1.1 Racking Force = 10.5 5000 6000 8000 7000 3000 4500 3500

295. Design – Area 1.1 Wind Direction 1.1 Racking Force = 10.5 5000 6000 8000 7000 3000 4500 3500 Metal Cross Strapping to Corners As per Table 8.14 (b) Note you must do all corners Regardless of Overkill

296. Design – Area 1.1 Wind Direction 1.1 Racking Force = 10.5 5000 6000 8000 7000 3000 4500 3500 Metal Cross Strapping to Corners As per Table 8.14 (b) You Still would place Bracing on Internal Walls To assist During Constructions Using any Method (a) is easiest

297. Design – Area 1.1 Wind Direction 1.1 Racking Force = 10.5 5000 6000 8000 7000 3000 4500 3500 Metal Cross Strapping to Corners As per Table 8.14 (b) You Still would place Bracing on Internal Walls To assist During Constructions Using any Method (a) is easiest

298. Design – Area 1.2 5000 6000 8000 7000 3000 4500 3500 Wind Direction 1.2 Racking Force = 11.84

299. Design – Area 1.2 5000 6000 8000 7000 3000 4500 3500 Wind Direction 1.2 Racking Force = 11.84 Metal Cross Strapping to Corners As per Table 8.14 (b)

300. Design – Area 1.2 5000 6000 8000 7000 3000 4500 3500 Wind Direction 1.2 Racking Force = 11.84 Bracing to Internal Walls to 1.Spread Bracing thru Structure 2.Assist During Construction

301. Design – Area 2.1 Wind Direction 2.1 Racking Force = 12.88 5000 6000 8000 7000 3000 4500 3500

302. Design – Area 2.1 Wind Direction 2.1 Racking Force = 12.88 5000 6000 8000 7000 3000 4500 3500 Metal Cross Strapping to Corners As per Table 8.14 (b)

303. Design – Area 2.1 Wind Direction 2.1 Racking Force = 12.88 5000 6000 8000 7000 3000 4500 3500 Bracing to Internal Walls to 1.Spread Bracing thru Structure 2.Assist During Construction

304. Design – Area 2.2 5000 6000 8000 7000 3000 4500 3500 Wind Direction 2.2 Racking Force = 10.08

305. Design – Area 2.2 5000 6000 8000 7000 3000 4500 3500 Wind Direction 2.2 Racking Force = 10.08

306. Design – Area 2.2 5000 6000 8000 7000 3000 4500 3500 Bracing to Internal Walls to 1.Spread Bracing thru Structure 2.Assist During Construction

307. Lets Design

308. Clause 8.3.6.9 Top of INTERNAL Bracing Walls must be fixed to Ceiling or Upper Floor Structure with equivalent Shear Capacity as to its Bracing Capacity

309. See Next Slide for Explanation

310. Confirmation Learning Complete Exercise 42 of your workbook

311. Connection of Internal Brace Walls 5000 6000 8000 7000 3000 4500 3500 In our Exercise we use Crossed Hoop Iron Bracing Value = 1.5 Bracing Panel Length = 2.7 Total Force = 1.5 x 2.7 = 4.05kN

312. Total Force = 4.05kN Seasoned Radiata Pine = JD4 1 Fixing at each end of Bracing Panel = 2 x 2.1kN = 4.2 (Sufficient)

314. Wall Frames Frames are classified into 2 categories 1.Load Bearing – They are structural frames, they transfer loads from roof or upper floor to the supporting floor frame. They can be either external or internal walls. 2.Non Load Bearing – - do not support any structural loads. - They support their own weight - Non structural loads doors and frame, kitchen cupboards, driers etc. - support some live loads eg Doors closing. Therefore there are some minimum requirements for these AS 1684.2 cl 6.3.5

315. AS 1684.2 cl 6.3.5

316. Wall Components

317. Trimmers Horizontal members fixed between window studs and door studs. Referred to as Sill or Head trimmers Usually of the same section size bottom plates Openings wider than 1800mm require trimmers as specified in AS 1684.2 cl6.3.6.6 & table 6.3

318. Trimmers Refer Table 6.3 of your Australian Standard

319. Trimming Studs Run from Trimmers to Plates – Use same Timber Size Used to block out Narrow Lintel Where use in conjunction with Lintel they may take structural loads Must be same depth as wall frame to accept finishes May also be referred to as “Jack”, “Soldier”, or “Short” studs

320. Wall Intersections Blocking Placed at intersections of wall frames Normally 3 Blocks per intersection

321. Blocking AS1684.2

322. What is a Concentrated Load ? >3000

325. Stress Grading Refers to the Timbers Strength Timber must be able to withstand stress loads placed on them. Overloading may cause straining or failure 3 types of stress Compressive Tensile Shear Note Torsional Stress is not discussed

328. Stress Grading Members Sizes will be determined for span tables Generally for Residential Construction sizes will not be specified by designers Why? Architect will not want to take responsibility Engineer will want to charge extra to do this and Why would a client want to pay for something that he can get done for nothing

329. Stress Grading Why are members generally specified on Commercial projects AS 1684.2 Residential Timber Framed Construction Guide

331. AS 1684.2 Limitations 1.4.4 The Maximum number of storey's of timber shall not exceed 2 1.4.5 The maximum width of a building shall 16 000mm, Note, if you use AS1684.2 simplified max width = 12 000mm 1.4.6 The maximum wall height shall be 3000mm excluding gable ends 1.4.7 The maximum roof pitch shall be 35 degrees

333. Ordering Timber Timber is ordered in lineal meters may be priced in cubic meters Increments of 300mm Timber should be ordered as required - avoid unnecessary exposure to weather - affecting cash flows - theft - storage

334. Material Storage Timber should be stored on gluts This allows for airflow Care should be taken in stack sizes Stacks can be strapped for safety

335. Storage of Materials Timber should be stored as close as possible to work area

343. Stud Spacing – Other Consideration Stud Spacing may also be determined by sheeting

344. Studs Not all external sheeting require critical stud placement Check with LATEST manufactures manual as to requirements

346. Harditek (Blue Board) For Sheet Products Stud Placement is Important

347. Calculating Stud Lengths Finished Floor to Ceiling govern stud length Minimum Habitable Room is 2400mm Clear Floor Finishes 1. Carpet 20mm 2. Timber Flooring 40mm (Depending on Batten) Ceilings 1. 10mm Plasterboard 2. 13mm Plasterboard

348. Calculating Stud Length Double Storey building may have FFL (Finished Floor Level). Allowance must be made for structural members Most Importantly Determine if there are any height restrictions Type of Roof Will affect Stud Heights

349. Top & Bottom Plates = 90 x 45 F5 Step 1 – Determine Floor & Ceiling Floor Carpet = 20mm Ceiling Gyprock = 13mm Step 2 – Calculate Stud Length Minimum Clearance = 2400mm Plus Flooring = 20mm Plus Ceiling = 20mm Wall Height = 2440mm less Wall Plates = 90mm Stud Length = 2350mm

350. Ground Floor First Floor Ground Fl Finish = Timber (40mm) First Floor = Carpet (20mm) Upper Level Joists = 200 x 50 F5 Top & Bottom Plates = 90 x 45 Step 1- Determine SFL (Structural Floor Level) SFL First Floor = 28.950 (FFL First Fl) -20 (Carpet) SFL= 28.930 SFL Ground Fl = 26.200 (FFL Gnd) - 40 (Timber) SFL = 26.160 Step 2 – Calculate Height Difference SFL First Floor = 28.930 – SFL Ground Fl = 26.180 Height Difference = 2.750

351. Step 3 – Structural Elements Height Diff = 2.750 Less Flooring = 0.017 Less Floor Joist = 0.200 Less T & B Plate = 0.090 Stud Length = 2.443 Ground Floor First Floor

352. Carpet Both Floors (20mm) Ceilings 10mm Plasterboard (Allow 20mm) Dimensions are clear measurements Lower level plates Upper Level Plates Bottom Plate = 90 x 35 F5Bottom Plate = 90 x 45 F5 Top Plate = 90 x 45 F5Top Plate = 90 x 70 F5

353. Calculating Door Heights On Concrete Slab Using a standard 2040mm x 820mm Allow 22mm for Carpet (17mm + 5mm) 2040 mm Door Height 2mm Clearance between Door & Jamb 20mm for Jamb 10mm Clearance between Jamb & Head 15mm Clearance between Jamb & Lintel Total = 2094mm Say 2100mm

354. Calculation of Door Width

355. Calculation of Window Check with manufacturer if windows are not on site Generally at same height of doors Check on elevations for window heights 15mm Clearance between Jamb & Lintel Allow 10mm under sill

356. Window Width Care should be taken when setting out to brick bond! Client may want window to line up with internal fitting Client may want window dead center of room

360. Lintels

365. Construct Wall Frames Number Wall Frames Clock Wise Direction Internal Walls Left to Right Top To Bottom

366. Setting Out Plates Confirm Dimensions of Slab/ Subfloor Select Suitable Timber & Cut to Length Tack Together Mark Appropriate ID Number on Plate Mark Required Studs – In Following Order End Studs Wall Intersections Openings Common Studs

367. Setting Out Plates If required prepare a storey rod with the appropriate markings (ie Horizontal & Vertical Bond) Set out position of window and doors studs remembering to allow for required jamb studs If required adjust position to match brickbond Set out Common Studs, Jack Studs at required spacing

368. Preparing Studs Use Storey Rod (Pattern Stud) to cut required studs Mark and check out window and door studs

369. Fixing Wall Frames To Floors AS 1684.2

370. Wall Frame Assembly What are Advantages & Disadvantages of Prefabricated Wall Frames?

371. Assembling Wall Frames

377. Frame Erection

382. Nominal Fixings For Bottom Plates AS 1684.2