1.  By: Briana McGrade Professor Brody Spring 2014

2.  Ancient Egyptians started using a similar mixture of limestone and gypsum to make “cement blocks” since 3000 B.C.  Similarly Romans used a mixture called opus caementicium, which is where we get our current word of cement.  Cement was originally made with mud as the paste and straw as the aggregate.

3.  Concrete is made of two key ingredients aggregates and pastes.  Now we use sand and different sizes of gravel.  Aggregates are categorized into two major groups fine or course.  Fine measures.2 inches or smaller  Course measures up to 1.5 inches  The paste in the concrete is cement, which can be made from limestone, clay, gypsum, and other minerals mixed with water.  May also contain admixtures, which can change the concretes color, drying time, and corrosive properties.

4.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=woaUs5XnjUo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=woaUs5XnjUo

5.  Concrete is made by combining the “ingredients” together, much like baking.  You need the aggregates, pastes, water, and admixtures in a certain percentage in order for the mixture to cure at the appropriate time.  Cure- is the rate of water evaporation in the mixture, which dries and hold concrete in place.  To make the process easier you can buy it pre-mixed and just add water or you can mix it yourself.  Construction workers use a mixing truck to mix and add the water to the batch, which then should be used before 90 minutes or 300 turns to avoid slump loss.  The mixture can then be poured into a mold and used for flooring, walls, tables, counter, ect…  The mixture does need to be sealed due to easy staining.

6.  Silicone  Water Based Acrylic  Solvent Based Acrylic  Water Based Epoxy  Urethane  Hybrid Sealers  Waxes: beeswax  Waxes: carnauba

7.  SCM’s, or Supplementary cementitious materials, are materials that can have cement properties when combined with limestone.  Materials such as pozzolans, such as power plant ash, and slag a bi product of iron production can be used as SCM’s.  Many of these materials would normally be disposed of in a none sustainable manner, so using them in the production of cement helps reduce there carbon footprint on the earth.

8.  Can use oyster shells and waste from coal fired power plants as aggregates for cement; such as in the stairs of the new life science building.  Old concrete can be recycled in aggregates for new concrete. The large slabs can be jack hammered into smaller pieces that can then be sifted through and the small pieces can be reused.  Also can act as a thermal mass that absorbs and releases heat.  NO VOC’S!!

10.  Pigment Mix-in: Adding powdered coloring to mix  Pigment Broadcast: Powdered Pigment sprinkled on top  Reactive & Nonreactive Stain: Chemical Reaction in concrete or pigment soaked into pores  Dyes: Soaked into pores  Paint: Epoxy Coating on Concrete  Tinted sealant

11. Precast Stock Custom Your Design accommodates stock sizes Difficult to finish cut edges Complete adjoining surfaces before measuring if possible

12.  Kane-Perkins CO.  Scofeild  Oldcastle inc.  Cemex  Lafarge  Heidelberg Cement  Fish Stone  Ect..

13.  Made by combining aggregates, pastes, and admixture  Can be sustainable with materials used as aggregates  Codes:  (IRC) R311.7; residential  (ICC) Chapter 19; commercial  (ACI) 318; prep/laying  Does not burn  Cost $70-$120/ per cubic yard (higher in truck)  CSI 03-00-00

14.  http://home.howstuffworks.com/home- improvement/construction/materials/how-is-concrete- made3.htm http://home.howstuffworks.com/home- improvement/construction/materials/how-is-concrete- made3.htm  http://www.eco-serve.net/publish/cat_index_78.shtml http://www.eco-serve.net/publish/cat_index_78.shtml  Godsey, Lisa. "Chapter 12." Interior design: materials and specifications. edition 2 ed. New York: Fairchild Books, 2008. 38-51. Print.