1. Metal ores and mining Ores are naturally occurring rocks found in the Earth’s crust. They contain metal/metal compounds in sufficient amounts to make it worthwhile extracting them Ores are mined and maybe concentrated before the metal is extracted and purified

2. potassium sodium calcium magnesium aluminium zinc iron copper gold increasing reactivity Metals above carbon in the reactivity series must be extracted using electrolysis. Electrolysis can also be used to purify copper. Metals less reactive than carbon can be extracted from their ores by reduction using carbon, coke or charcoal. Platinum, gold, silver and copper can occur native and do not need to be extracted. lead silver The reactivity of a metal determines how it is extracted. (carbon) (hydrogen) platinum

3. Reducing iron oxide Metals that are less reactive than carbon can be extracted from their oxides by reduction with carbon The metal is reduced because it loses oxygen For example, iron oxide is reduced in the blast furnace to make iron

4. Electrolysis Metals that are more reactive than carbon, such as aluminium, are extracted by electrolysis of molten compounds. The use of large amounts of energy in electrolysis makes these metals expensive Copper can be purified by electrolysis. The supply of copper-rich ores is limited and so copper can also be obtained from solutions of copper salts by electrolysis or by displacement using scrap iron

5. Recycling metals We should recycle metals because extracting them uses limited resources and is expensive in terms of energy and effects on the environment

6. AcRfDbSgBhHsMtDsRg LaHfTaWReOsIrPtAuHg YZrNbMoTcRuRhPdAgCd ScTiVCrMnFeCoNiCuZn ? group 2 group 3 Here, the word ‘transition’ is used to mean ‘in-between’. The elements in the central block of the periodic table are known as transition metals (between group 2 and group 3)

7. Properties of Transition metals Like other metals They are good conductors of heat and electricity They can be bent or hammered into shape They are useful as structural materials and for making things that must allow heat or electricity to pass through them easily

8. Metals and their uses Transition metals UsesProperties Iron Alloyed with carbon to make steel Brittle by itself, low carbon steel easily shaped, high carbon steel are harder, stainless steel resistant to corrosion Copper Used for electrical wires and plumbing Good conductor of electricity and heat, can be bent but is hard enough to make pipes Platinum Reduces pollution from car exhausts, jewellery Very low reactivity. Hard to extract from its ore as it can’t be reduced, which makes it expensive. Titanium Used to make artificial hip joints Low density, resistant to corrosion. Nickel Is a catalyst in margarine production Speeds up the reaction but does not take part in it. Another important metal UsesProperties Aluminium Transport, construction, packaging Low density, resistant to corrosion. Hard to extract from its ore as it can’t be reduced, which makes it expensive.

9. - Most metals in everyday use are alloys as pure copper, gold and aluminium are too soft for most uses - They are mixed with other similar metals to make them harder

10. Impure iron Iron from the blast furnace contains about 96% iron. The impurities make it brittle and so it has limited uses

11. Alloys can be designed to have properties for specific uses Steels are alloys of iron and carbon. Some steels contain other metals. Low carbon steels are easily shaped, high carbon steels are hard and stainless steels are resistant to corrosion Low carbon steel High carbon steel Stainless steel

12. Some steels contain other metals.