1. Criminal Law and Business
Chapter 6
Criminal Law and Business
Chapter 6: Criminal Law and Business
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education.  All rights reserved.

2. Chapter 6 Case Hypothetical Thomas Townsend has an embarrassing criminal past. In 1985, he was convicted of pedophilia, having had sexual relations with a 15-year-old child (at the time, Townsend was 29 years old.) By all accounts, Townsend has led a relatively uneventful life over the years since 1985, spending most of his time building and selling musical instruments to earn a living, and reclusively “keeping to himself” on his property on the edge of town. Local police investigators are curious whether Townsend has truly learned from “the error of his ways.” The local sheriff has received a number of complaints from area citizens, who are appalled that a child sex offender is “among their midst.” Working in collaboration with the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI,) local police authorities devise and implement a plan to determine whether Thomas is leading an innocent life. Over the course of an eighteen-month period, police investigators mail Townsend a circular they have created, advertising a fictitious publication called “Lustful Lads and Lasses.” Among other pronouncements, the circular entices readers to “order now before publication ceases; see young boys and girls aged engaged in all sorts of acts only big boys and girls should be allowed to do!” Having received the circular each month and having declined on seventeen occasions, Townsend finally responds to the circular on the eighteenth occasion, mailing in the $39.95 purchase price. Local, state and federal authorities immediately intervene, arresting Townsend for solicitation of child pornographic materials. At Townsend’s arraignment hearing, his attorney moves for immediate dismissal of the charges, arguing entrapment. Do the police efforts described constitute entrapment? Does entrapment justify dismissal of all charges against the accused? Rather than dismissal of charges, why not simply sanction those authorities responsible for the entrapment?
Chapter 6 Case Hypothetical: Thomas Townsend has an embarrassing criminal past. In 1985, he was convicted of pedophilia, having had sexual relations with a 15-year-old child (at the time, Townsend was 29 years old.) By all accounts, Townsend has led a relatively uneventful life over the years since 1985, spending most of his time building and selling musical instruments to earn a living, and reclusively “keeping to himself” on his property on the edge of town.
Local police investigators are curious whether Townsend has truly learned from “the error of his ways.” The local sheriff has received a number of complaints from area citizens, who are appalled that a child sex offender is “among their midst.” Working in collaboration with the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI,) local police authorities devise and implement a plan to determine whether Thomas is leading an innocent life. Over the course of an eighteen-month period, police investigators mail Townsend a circular they have created, advertising a fictitious publication called “Lustful Lads and Lasses.” Among other pronouncements, the circular entices readers to “order now before publication ceases; see young boys and girls aged engaged in all sorts of acts only big boys and girls should be allowed to do!”
Having received the circular each month and having declined on seventeen occasions, Townsend finally responds to the circular on the eighteenth occasion, mailing in the $39.95 purchase price. Local, state and federal authorities immediately intervene, arresting Townsend for solicitation of child pornographic materials.
At Townsend’s arraignment hearing, his attorney moves for immediate dismissal of the charges, arguing entrapment. Do the police efforts described constitute entrapment? Does entrapment justify dismissal of all charges against the accused? Rather than dismissal of charges, why not simply sanction those authorities responsible for the entrapment?

3. Chapter 6 Case Hypothetical and Ethical Dilemma Warren Delaney believed that his home was his “castle,” and during the summer months every year, his “castle” was a tiny cabin nestled in the woods of upstate New York. Delaney was an Economics professor at a small college in Florida, and for him, there was no better way to “rest and recharge” after a hectic academic year than to head north for the cozy confines of his cabin. For several consecutive years, Warren’s cabin had been vandalized and/or burglarized during the winter months while he was in Florida. During the winter of 2010, several windows had been shattered. In the winter of 2011, several pieces of furniture had been stolen. At some point during the winter of 2012, the bedroom mattress had been ripped apart for some unexplained reason, with foam and fabric scattered about the bedroom floor. On each of these occasions, the perpetrator had forced the front door lock open, and had entered the cabin through the front door. Warren envisioned a way to stop the criminal(s) responsible for these violations. He spring-loaded a shotgun in the living room of the cabin, and pointed it directly at the front door. The shotgun was configured so that if someone opened the front door while he was away, it would fire at the intruder. Warren returned to his cabin in May 2014 and came upon a grisly scene. The front door had been opened, and at the threshold was the partially-decomposed body of what appeared to be a middle-aged man, dead of a shotgun blast to the chest. Warren immediately called the local sheriff, Officer Brian Mulholland. Upon arriving at the scene and briefly questioning Warren, Officer Mulholland arrested him. Was the arrest valid? Did Warren Delaney commit first-degree murder? Did Warren use justifiable force in this situation?
Chapter 6 Case Hypothetical and Ethical Dilemma: Warren Delaney believed that his home was his “castle,” and during the summer months every year, his “castle” was a tiny cabin nestled in the woods of upstate New York. Delaney was an Economics professor at a small college in Florida, and for him, there was no better way to “rest and recharge” after a hectic academic year than to head north for the cozy confines of his cabin.
For several consecutive years, Warren’s cabin had been vandalized and/or burglarized during the winter months while he was in Florida. During the winter of 2010, several windows had been shattered. In the winter of 2011, several pieces of furniture had been stolen. At some point during the winter of 2012, the bedroom mattress had been ripped apart for some unexplained reason, with foam and fabric scattered about the bedroom floor. On each of these occasions, the perpetrator had forced the front door lock open, and had entered the cabin through the front door.
Warren envisioned a way to stop the criminal(s) responsible for these violations. He spring-loaded a shotgun in the living room of the cabin, and pointed it directly at the front door. The shotgun was configured so that if someone opened the front door while he was away, it would fire at the intruder.
Warren returned to his cabin in May 2014 and came upon a grisly scene. The front door had been opened, and at the threshold was the partially-decomposed body of what appeared to be a middle-aged man, dead of a shotgun blast to the chest. Warren immediately called the local sheriff, Officer Brian Mulholland. Upon arriving at the scene and briefly questioning Warren, Officer Mulholland arrested him.
Was the arrest valid? Did Warren Delaney commit first-degree murder? Did Warren use justifiable force in this situation?

4. Elements of a Crime “Actus Reus”—Wrongful behavior (guilty act)
“Mens Rea”—Wrongful state of mind, such as purpose, knowledge, recklessness, or negligence (guilty mind)
In order to prove criminal liability, two “elements” of crime must be established. The first element is an “actus reus,” which represents wrongful behavior or a guilty act. The second element is “mens rea,” which demonstrates a wrongful or guilty state of mind, such as purpose, knowledge, recklessness, or negligence.

5. Classification of Crimes
Felonies—Serious crimes punishable by imprisonment for greater than one year, or death
Misdemeanors—Less serious crimes punishable by fines, or imprisonment for less than one year
Petty Offenses—Minor misdemeanors punishable by small fines or short jail sentences
Crimes can be classified as felonies, misdemeanors, or petty offenses. Felonies are serious crimes punishable by imprisonment for greater than one year, or death. Misdemeanors are less serious crimes punishable by fines, or imprisonment for less than one year. Petty offenses are minor misdemeanors punishable by small fines or short jail sentences.

6. White Collar Crime
Definition: A variety of nonviolent illegal acts against society that occur most frequently in the business context
“White collar crime” is generally defined as a variety of nonviolent illegal acts against society that occur most frequently in the business context.

7. Crimes Affecting Business: “White Collar” Crimes
Bribery
Extortion
Fraud
Embezzlement
Computer Crimes
“White collar” crimes are typically nonviolent offenses that have cheating as their central element. Examples of “white collar” crimes include bribery, extortion, fraud, embezzlement, and computer crimes.

8. Bribery
Definition: The offering, giving, soliciting, or receiving of money or any object of value for the purpose of influencing the judgment or conduct of a person in a position of trust
Bribery is generally defined as the offering, giving, soliciting, or receiving of money or any object of value for the purpose of influencing the judgment or conduct of a person in a position of trust.

9. Extortion (Blackmail)
Definition: The making of threats for the purpose of obtaining money or property
Extortion, otherwise known as blackmail, represents the making of threats for the purpose of obtaining money or property.

10. Fraud
Definition: A variety of means by which an individual intentionally uses some sort of misrepresentation to gain advantage over another person
Fraud consists of a variety of means by which an individual intentionally uses some sort of misrepresentation to gain advantage over another person.

11. Elements of Fraud
A material false representation made with intent to deceive;
A victim’s reasonable reliance on the false representation; and
Damages
Fraud generally requires proof of the following three elements: 1) a material false representation made with the intent to deceive; 2) a victim’s reasonable reliance on the false representation; and 3) damages.

12. Exhibit 6-1: Selected Types of Fraudulent Crimes
Forgery
Defalcation
False Entries
False Token
False Pretenses
Fraudulent Concealment
Mail Fraud
Health Care Fraud
Telemarketing Fraud
“Ponzi Schemes”
Check “Kiting”
“Pretexting”
Exhibit 6-1 of the textbook illustrates certain types of fraud-based crimes. Fraud-based crimes involve fraud as an essential element of the crime. Crimes involving fraud include forgery, defalcation, false entries, false token, false pretenses, fraudulent concealment, mail fraud, health care fraud, telemarketing fraud, “Ponzi schemes,” check “kiting,” and “pre-texting.”

13. Embezzlement
Definition: The wrongful conversion of another’s property by one who is lawfully in possession of that property
Embezzlement is defined as the wrongful conversion of another’s property by one who is lawfully in possession of that property.

14. Computer Crime
Definition: Any wrongful act that is directed against computers, uses computers to commit a crime, or involves computers
A computer crime is generally defined as any wrongful act that is directed against computers, uses computers to commit a crime, or involves computers.

15. Criminal Procedure
Criminal Procedure

16. Differences Between Criminal and Civil Procedure
Criminal Procedure
Civil Procedure
The government, through a prosecutor, always brings the criminal case
The objective is punishment, in the form of a criminal fine and/or imprisonment
Numerous constitutional safeguards for the criminal defendant
The party filing the case, the plaintiff, can be an individual, business, or government entity
The objective is to remedy a wrong done to the plaintiff, so the defendant will either have to pay money damages, or be subject to an equitable remedy (injunction or specific performance)
Criminal procedure differs from civil procedure in several key ways. First, the government, through a prosecutor, always brings the criminal case, while in a civil cased, the party filing the case, the plaintiff, can be an individual, business, or government entity. Second, in a criminal case, the objective is punishment, in the form of a criminal fine and/or imprisonment, while in a civil case, the objective is to remedy a wrong done to the plaintiff, so the defendant will either have to pay money damages, or be subject to an equitable remedy in the form of an injunction or an order of specific performance. Finally, because the potential impact of losing a criminal case is so much more serious than the impact of losing a civil case, the Constitution provides a number of safeguards for the criminal defendant.

17. Constitutional Safeguards: The Fourth Amendment
Protection from “unreasonable search and seizure”
Restrictions on warrants
The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution prohibits “unreasonable searches and seizures.” It generally requires a warrant before a search or seizure can occur, and restricts the issuance of warrants by requiring “probable cause.”

18. Constitutional Safeguards: The Fifth Amendment
Prohibition of “double jeopardy”
Right not to incriminate oneself
Right to “due process”
The Fifth Amendment of the United States Constitution prohibits “double jeopardy,” grants the defendant the privilege against self-incrimination, and guarantees the right to due process.

19. Constitutional Safeguards: The Sixth Amendment
Right to a speedy and public trial
Right to a trial by an impartial jury of one’s peers
Right to be informed of the accusations against oneself
Right to confront witnesses
Right to have witnesses on one’s side
Right to counsel at various stages of the proceedings
The Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution guarantees numerous constitutional rights, including the right to a speedy and public trial, the right to a trial by an impartial jury of one’s peers, the right to be informed of the accusations against oneself, the right to confront witnesses, the right to call favorable witnesses to one’s defense, and the right to counsel at various stages of criminal proceedings.

20. Constitutional Safeguards: The Eighth Amendment
Freedom from excessive bail
Freedom from excessive fines
Freedom from cruel and unusual punishment
The Eighth Amendment of the United States Constitution guarantees freedom from excessive bail, excessive fines, and “cruel and unusual” punishment.

21. Constitutional Safeguards: The Fourteenth Amendment
Extension of the right to due process to all state matters
Extension of most constitutional rights to defendants at the state level
The Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution extends the right to due process to all state matters, and grants most constitutional rights to defendants at the state level.

22. Criminal Procedure: Pretrial Procedure
Arrest
Booking
First Appearance
Indictment
Arraignment
Pretrial criminal procedure includes the arrest, booking, first appearance, indictment, and arraignment.

23. “Miranda Rights”--Before a law enforcement officer engages in “custodial interrogation,” he/she must inform the defendant of the following:
“You have the right to remain silent and refuse to answer any questions”
“Anything you say may be used against you in a court of law”
“You have the right to consult an attorney before speaking to the police and have an attorney present during any questioning now or in the future”
“If you cannot afford an attorney, one will be appointed for you before the questioning begins”
“If you do not have an attorney available, you have the right to remain silent until you have had an opportunity to consult with one”
“Now that I have advised you of your rights, are you willing to answer any questions without an attorney present?”
“Miranda Rights” indicate that before a law enforcement officer engages in “custodial interrogation,” he/she must inform the defendant of the following: “You have the right to remain silent and refuse to answer any questions;” “Anything you say may be used against you in a court of law;” “You have the right to consult an attorney before speaking to the police and have an attorney present during any questioning now or in the future;” “If you cannot afford an attorney, one will be appointed for you before the questioning begins;” “If you do not have an attorney available, you have the right to remain silent until you have had an opportunity to consult with one;” and “Now that I have advised you of your rights, are you willing to answer any questions without an attorney present?”

24. Criminal Procedure: Trial Procedure
Jury Selection
Trial (with burden of proof on prosecution)
Jury Deliberations
Jury Verdict
Sentencing Hearing (if Defendant found guilty)
Criminal trial procedure includes jury selection, trial (with the burden of proof on the prosecution,) jury deliberations, the jury verdict, and a sentencing hearing (if the defendant is found guilty.)

25. Affirmative Defenses to Crimes
Infancy
Mistake of Fact
Intoxication
Insanity
Duress
Entrapment
Necessity
Justifiable Use of Force
Affirmative defenses to crimes include infancy, mistake of fact, intoxication, insanity, duress, entrapment, necessity, and justifiable use of force.

26. Affirmative Defenses to Crimes: Infancy
A person who is not yet a legal adult may use this defense to defuse the “guilty mind” requirement of a crime
In terms of affirmative defenses to crimes, a person who is not yet a legal adult may use the “infancy” defense to defuse the “guilty mind” requirement of a crime.

27. Affirmative Defenses to Crimes: Mistake of Fact
The defendant says his or her honest and reasonable mistake about a fact relevant to the commission of the crime negates the idea of a guilty mind
In terms of affirmative defenses to crimes, with the “mistake of fact” defense, the defendant says his or her honest and reasonable mistake about a fact relevant to the commission of the crime negates the idea of a guilty mind.

28. Affirmative Defenses to Crimes: Intoxication
The defendant says he or she took an intoxicant without awareness of its likely effect, mistook its identity, or took the intoxicant under force
In terms of affirmative defenses to crimes, with the “intoxication” defense, the defendant says he or she took an intoxicant without awareness of its likely effect, mistook its identity, or took the intoxicant under force.

29. Affirmative Defenses to Crimes: Insanity
The defendant contends he or she had a severe mental illness that substantially impaired the defendant’s capacity to understand and appreciate the moral wrongfulness of the act
In terms of affirmative defenses to crimes, with the “insanity” defense, the defendant contends he or she had a severe mental illness that substantially impaired the defendant’s capacity to understand and appreciate the moral wrongfulness of the act.

30. Affirmative Defenses to Crimes: Duress
The defendant says he or she was forced to perform an act against his or her will
In terms of affirmative defenses to crimes, with the defense of “duress,” the defendant says he or she was forced to perform an act against his or her will.

31. Affirmative Defenses to Crimes: Entrapment
The defendant contends he or she would not have committed the crime or broken the law if not induced or tricked into doing so by law enforcement officers
In terms of affirmative defenses to crimes, with the “entrapment” defense, the defendant contends he or she would not have committed the crime or broken the law if not induced or tricked into doing so by law enforcement officers.

32. Affirmative Defenses to Crimes: Necessity
The defendant contends he or she was acting to prevent imminent harm, and there was no legal alternative to the action he or she took
In terms of affirmative defenses to crimes, with the affirmative defense of “necessity,” the defendant contends he or she was acting to prevent imminent harm, and there was no legal alternative to the action he or she took.

33. Affirmative Defenses to Crimes: Justifiable Use of Force
The defendant contends the use of force was necessary to prevent imminent death or great bodily harm to the defendant or to another or to prevent the imminent commission of a forcible felony
In terms of affirmative defenses to crimes, with the defense of “justifiable use of force,” the defendant contends the use of force was necessary to prevent imminent death or great bodily harm to the defendant or to another or to prevent the imminent commission of a forcible felony.

34. Criminal Procedure: Posttrial Procedure
If jury returns verdict of not guilty, government (prosecution) cannot appeal the acquittal
If jury returns verdict of guilty, defendant may appeal verdict by claiming prejudicial error of law at trial
If no appeal, defendant sentenced after judge receives additional information relevant to sentencing
In terms of rules governing posttrial criminal procedure, if the jury returns a verdict of not guilty, the prosecution cannot appeal the defendant’s acquittal. If the jury returns a verdict of guilty, however, the defendant may appeal the verdict by claiming a prejudicial error of law at trial. If there is no appeal, the defendant is sentenced after the judge receives additional information relevant to sentencing.

35. The Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO)
Prohibits persons employed by or associated with an enterprise from engaging in a pattern of racketeering activity
Anyone whose business or property has been damaged can sue to recover treble damages and attorney fees in a civil action
The Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act, or “RICO,” prohibits persons employed by or associated with an enterprise from engaging in a pattern of racketeering activity. RICO provides that anyone whose business or property has been damaged as a result of racketeering can sue to recover treble damages and attorney fees in a civil action.

36. The False Claims Act
Allows employees to sue employers on behalf of the federal government
Employee retains share of recovery
The False Claims Act allows employees to sue employers on behalf of the federal government. If the lawsuit results in a favorable verdict, the employee retains a share of the recovery.

37. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act
Passed by Congress in response to the business scandals of the early 2000s (Examples: Enron, WorldCom, Global Crossing, Arthur Anderson)
Criminalizes specific non-audit services when provided by a registered accounting firm to an audit client
Increases the punishment for a number of white-collar offenses
Extends the statute of limitations regarding the discovery of fraud (two years from the date of discovery of the fraud, five years from the date of the criminal act)
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act was enacted by Congress in response to the business scandals of the early 2000s, including Enron, WorldCom, Global Crossing, and Arthur Anderson. Sarbanes-Oxley criminalizes specific non-audit services when provided by a registered accounting firm to an audit client, and increases the punishment for a number of white-collar offenses. The Act extends the statute of limitations regarding the discovery of fraud to two years from the date of discovery of the fraud, and to five years from the date of the criminal act.