2. ESSENTIAL QUESTION:

4. First Turnpike- 1790 Lancaster, PA 1790-1820 The “Turnpike Era”,

5. Conestoga Covered Wagons Conestoga Trail, 1820s

6. Erie Canal System

7. Erie Canal, 1820s Begun in 1817; completed in 1825 Greatest Construction project so far in U.S.

8. Robert Fulton & the Steamboat 1807: The Clermont

9. Principal Canals in 1840

10. Inland Freight Rates

11. Clipper Ships

12. The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830) 1830  13 miles of track built by Baltimore & Ohio RR By 1850  9000 mi. of RR track [1860  31,000 mi.]

13. The Railroad Revolution, 1850s p Immigrant labor built the No. RRs. p Slave labor built the So. RRs.

15. Resourcefulness & Experimentation p Americans were willing to try anything. p They were first copiers, then innovators. 1800  41 patents were approved. 1860  4,357 “ “ “

16. Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791 Increased cotton production In 10 years from 189,000 lbs. To 41 million lbs.

17. Eli Whitney’s Gun Factory Interchangeable Parts Rifle

18. Oliver Evans First prototype of the locomotive First automated flour mill

19. John Deere & the Steel Plow (1837)

20. Cyrus McCormick & the Mechanical Reaper: 1831

21. Samuel F. B. Morse 1840 – Telegraph

22. Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable, 1858

23. Elias Howe & Isaac Singer 1840s Sewing Machine

25. Creating a Business-Friendly Climate Supreme Court Rulings: *Fletcher v. Peck Peck (1810) *Dartmouth v. Woodward Woodward (1819) *McCulloch v. Maryland Maryland (1819) *Gibbons v. Ogden Ogden (1824) *Charles Rivers Bridge v. Warren Bridge Bridge (1835) - Taney General Incorporation Law  passed in New York, 1848. Laissez faire  BUT, govt. did much to assist capitalism!

26. Distribution of Wealth v During the American Revolution, 45% of all wealth in the top 10% of the population. v 1845 Boston  top 4% owned over 65% of the wealth. v 1860 Philadelphia  top 1% owned over 50% of the wealth. v The gap between rich and poor was widening!

27. Samuel Slater (“Father of the Factory System”)

28. The Lowell/Waltham System: First Dual-Purpose Textile Plant Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814

29. Lowell in 1850

30. Lowell Mill

31. Early Textile Loom

32. New England Textile Centers: 1830s

33. New England Dominance in Textiles

34. Starting for Lowell

35. Lowell Girls What was their typical “profile?”

36. Lowell Boarding Houses What was boardinghouse life like?

37. Lowell Mills Time Table

38. Early “Union” Newsletter

39. The Factory Girl’s Garland February 20, 1845 issue.

40. Irish Immigrant Girls at Lowell

41. The Early Union Movement Workingman’s Party (1829) * Founded by Robert Dale Owen and others in New York City. Early unions were usually local, social, and weak. Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842). Worker political parties were ineffective until the post-Civil War period.

43. Regional Specialization EAST  Industrial SOUTH  Cotton & Slavery WEST  The Nation’s “Breadbasket”

44. American Population Centers in 1820

45. American Population Centers in 1860

46. National Origin of Immigrants: 1820 - 1860 Why now?

47. Know- Nothing Party: “The Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner” Know- Nothing Party: “The Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner”

48. Causes of Nativism 1. Racism - new immigrants inferior equated with African- Americans1. Racism - new immigrants inferior equated with African- Americans 2. Believe they were socially unfit to live alongside “natives” (slums)2. Believe they were socially unfit to live alongside “natives” (slums) 3. Workers: immigrants lowered wages or were stealing their jobs3. Workers: immigrants lowered wages or were stealing their jobs 4. Protestants - objected to most immigrants being Irish or German Catholics4. Protestants - objected to most immigrants being Irish or German Catholics 5. Whigs - Immigrants supported Democrats5. Whigs - Immigrants supported Democrats 6. Politicians - immigrants corrupted politics by selling their votes.6. Politicians - immigrants corrupted politics by selling their votes.

49. Changing Occupation Distributions: 1820 - 1860

50. ECONOMIC? SOCIAL? POLITICAL? FUTURE PROBLEMS?