1. Nationalism Spreads

2. Philosophies Ideas that the king is not the country meant that the country needed to be defined in a different way – Lead to distinctions of language, history, and customs Different set of political ideas: – Conservative Wanted traditional monarchies – Liberal Wanted power given to elected parliaments, but the educated and land-owners can vote – Radical Gov’t should practice liberty, equality, and brotherhood

3. Nationalism – belief that people’s greatest loyalty should not be to a king or an empire but to a nation of people who share a common culture and history – This term comes directly out of the French Revolution It was first used by an anti-Jacobin to describe what the Jacobins were attempting to use to control France – This does not spring up out of nowhere, the ideas have been there but the French Revolution, and Napoleon more so, allowed for this shifting identification with others who share similar history, language, customs – Not to mention you have increased interaction between the people of the country – There are very specific terms that have to be understood: State – an area of land that is controlled by a specific leader and contains the people within the area Nation – a group of people who identify with each other due to a common history, culture, or language Nation-state – when a group of individuals of the same nation (language, history, customs) controls the area of land they live in

4. Greece First nation to win independence – From the Ottoman Empire – a multiethnic empire that was facing many different threats from the spread of nationalism in this period This was a popular movement because of the number of nation- states that supported it – Russia felt connection to the Greek Orthodox – Educated Europeans and Americans appreciated the Greek history – Eventually popular support was so large that many Europeans took the side of the Greeks against the Ottomans 1827, a combined fleet of Russians, British, and French ships destroyed the Ottoman fleet at the Battle of Navarino 1830 – these three powers signed a treaty guaranteeing the freedom of Greece But Greece is just one of these nations: – Belgium broke away from the Dutch in 1830 – Italian city-states were breaking away from Austrian or Papal rule – Poles rebelled against the Russians, but were crushed

5. Russia Still a country that relied on serfdom – Held the country back economically – Supported by the Czar because they needed the support of the landowners more than the support of the people Crimean War (1853) – Threatened to take over parts of the Ottoman Empire – The lack of infrastructure stopped the Russians from getting the troops they needed to the area and they lost to the forces of France, Britain, Sardinia, and the Ottomans Alexander II decided to move toward social change after this defeat – Freed the serfs in 1861 Peasant communities kept half the land while the noble got the other half Government paid the nobles for their land but the peasants had to pay the government for the land they received – 1881 the Czar was assassinated Alexander III (successor) tightened control in Russia – Encouraged industrial development – Nationalism became a major force in this development – This also hurt Russia as the major ethnic groups it controlled started to push for their own nation- states

6. France 1830 King Charles X tried to return the country to an absolute monarchy – Sparked riots (I mean this is France) – Charles fled to Britain – Replaced by Louis-Phillippe Supported liberal reforms in France Second Republic – 1848: Louis-Phillippe fell out of favor with the French people and a mob overthrew his monarchy and established a Republic This fell apart almost immediately Lead to bloody riots in the streets of Paris Led to the moderate constitution of 1848 December 1848 – Louis-Napoleon (nephew of Bonaparte) wins the presidential election Four years later he becomes Emperor Napoleon III This was actually pretty readily accepted because the French people were sick of the violence Build railroads, encouraged industrialization, and promoted ambitious programs of public works – Unemployment decreased in France and the country started to prosper again