1. SWEL’07@AIED’07, 2007/7/8 A Theory-aware & Standards-compliant authoring system SMARTIES Riichiro Mizoguchi, Yusuke Hayashi and Jacqueline Bourdeau

2. 2 Overview of SMARTIES The objectiveThe objective –Theory-based design support for standards-compliant learning contents What SMARTIES can do:What SMARTIES can do: –Modeling framework for scenario design –Concepts and vocabulary for scenario design –Multiple theory-based guidelines for scenario design Application of a theory to a scenarioApplication of a theory to a scenario Blending multiple theories into a scenarioBlending multiple theories into a scenario Finding similar theories to an author’s own strategyFinding similar theories to an author’s own strategy –Preservation of design rationale of a scenario with Theoretical justification of a scenario –Explanations of scenarios and theories –Consistency check of scenario-flow –Scenario-export with design rationale simple scenario descriptionsimple scenario description IMS LD-compliant formatIMS LD-compliant format

3. 3 Coverage of SMARTIES Covered:Covered: –Abstract design phase of learning/instructional design Skeleton of a scenarioSkeleton of a scenario Structure of design rationale (justified by theories)Structure of design rationale (justified by theories) Not covered yet:Not covered yet: –Detailed design of learning/instructional scenario Learning objects design & its useLearning objects design & its use –Execution of scenarios Adaptation to learners’ actual statesAdaptation to learners’ actual states

4. 4 Scenario model in SMARTIES (1/3) Abstract Concrete I_L event Interaction between an instructor and a learner. State-change of the learner I_L event Interaction between an instructor and a learner. State-change of the learner WAY Decomposition and Achievement relation between macro and micro I_L events WAY Decomposition and Achievement relation between macro and micro I_L events

5. 5 Scenario model in SMARTIES (2/3) Abstract Concrete I_L event Interaction between an instructor and a learner. State-change of the learner I_L event Interaction between an instructor and a learner. State-change of the learner WAY Decomposition and Achievement relation between macro and micro I_L events WAY Decomposition and Achievement relation between macro and micro I_L events Way Theory A WAY-knowledge is a WAY defined based on a theory. A theory is modeled as a set of WAY-knowledge. Way Theory A WAY-knowledge is a WAY defined based on a theory. A theory is modeled as a set of WAY-knowledge.

6. 6 Scenario model in SMARTIES (3/3) Abstract Concrete LO Learning content Scenario (sequence) Scenario description The goal of the learner in this scenario is to be in "Apply level" state Step1 The instructor does "Show familiar things". The learner does "Look it". This interaction is for making the learner be in "Have recognized" state. [...more] Step2 The instructor does "Show familiar things in unfamiliar manner". The learner does "Look it". This interaction is for making the learner be in "Have recognized" state. [...more] … Scenario description The goal of the learner in this scenario is to be in "Apply level" state Step1 The instructor does "Show familiar things". The learner does "Look it". This interaction is for making the learner be in "Have recognized" state. [...more] Step2 The instructor does "Show familiar things in unfamiliar manner". The learner does "Look it". This interaction is for making the learner be in "Have recognized" state. [...more] …

7. 7 Scenario interpreter Ontology Scenario models Explanation generator Model manager Way- knowledge manager Explanation of theories Explanation of scenarios Making scenarios Explanation template A system architecture of a theory-aware authoring tool IMS LD Export Export in IMS LD format Way- Knowledge Guidance for making scenarios IMS LD Specifications Authoring Interface Author IMS LD compliant tools

8. 8 Demonstration of SMARTIES 1.Scenario making –Multiple theory-based guidelines for scenario design Application of a theory to a scenarioApplication of a theory to a scenario –Preservation of design rationale of a scenario with Theoretical justification of a scenario –Explanations of scenarios 2.Scenario modification with a sample scenario –Multiple theory-based guidelines for scenario design Blending multiple theories into a scenarioBlending multiple theories into a scenario Finding similar theories to an author’s own strategyFinding similar theories to an author’s own strategy –Consistency check of scenario-flow 3.Scenario export –Scenario-export with design rationale simple scenario descriptionsimple scenario description IMS LD-compliant formatIMS LD-compliant format

9. 9 Demonstration of SMARTIES (1/3) 1.Scenario making –Multiple theory-based guidelines for scenario design Application of a theory to a scenarioApplication of a theory to a scenario –Preservation of design rationale of a scenario with Theoretical justification of a scenario –Explanations of scenarios 2.Scenario modification with a sample scenario –Multiple theory-based guidelines for scenario design Blending multiple theories into a scenarioBlending multiple theories into a scenario Finding similar theories to an author’s own strategyFinding similar theories to an author’s own strategy –Consistency check of scenario-flow 3.Scenario export –Scenario-export with design rationale simple scenario descriptionsimple scenario description IMS LD-compliant formatIMS LD-compliant format

10. 10 Scenario setting Situation – –Learner: School kids, learning in the classroom – –Object: A concept – –Goal: Understanding of the target concept Already knowing the concept After this scenario the learner learn to apply it. Setting of the root I_L event Main flow of learning/instruction –Preparation -> Development -> Assessment -> Follow-upSlotsValue Type of I_L eventDevelopmental event Learner property: Age (type)School kid Learner property: ContextClassroom learning Object property: Content typeConcept Instructional actionSupportive action Learning actionUnderstand State of learnerUnderstand level

11. 11 Generation mechanism of explanation Support learning / Aquire understanding / Understand Advance the development / Develop / Developed Present content / Recognize / Recognizing the content Guide practice / Develop / Developed Coached exercise Give information Coached exercise Developmental event.XML.HTML Model & Ontology Data Explanation content Explanation representation I_L event Content template I_L event Representation template Scenario model Ontology.XSL.XML.HTML Ontology Data Explanation content Explanation representation WAY knowledge Content template WAY knowledge Representation template.XSL

12. 12 Demonstration of SMARTIES (2/3) 1.Scenario making –Multiple theory-based guidelines for scenario design Application of a theory to a scenarioApplication of a theory to a scenario –Preservation of design rationale of a scenario with Theoretical justification of a scenario –Explanations of scenarios 2.Scenario modification with a sample scenario –Multiple theory-based guidelines for scenario design Blending multiple theories into a scenarioBlending multiple theories into a scenario Finding similar theories to an author’s own strategyFinding similar theories to an author’s own strategy –Consistency check of scenario-flow 3.Scenario export –Scenario-export with design rationale simple scenario descriptionsimple scenario description IMS LD-compliant formatIMS LD-compliant format

13. 13 Sample scenario FromFrom Charles M. Reigeluth (Eds.) “Instructional Theories in Action Lessons Illustrating Selected Theories and Models” Lessons Illustrating Selected Theories and Models” Based on Gagne’s theoryBased on Gagne’s theory –Target is Intellectual skill “Use a previously unencountered optical micro scope properly” Demonstration the following theory-aware functionalityDemonstration the following theory-aware functionality –Blending multiple theories into a scenario –Finding similar theories to an author’s own strategy –Consistency check of scenario-flow

14. 14 Demonstration of SMARTIES (2/3) 1.Scenario making –Multiple theory-based guidelines for scenario design Application of a theory to a scenarioApplication of a theory to a scenario –Preservation of design rationale of a scenario with Theoretical justification of a scenario –Explanations of scenarios 2.Scenario modification with a sample scenario –Multiple theory-based guidelines for scenario design Blending multiple theories into a scenarioBlending multiple theories into a scenario Finding similar theories to an author’s own strategyFinding similar theories to an author’s own strategy –Consistency check of scenario-flow 3.Scenario export –Scenario-export with design rationale simple scenario descriptionsimple scenario description IMS LD-compliant formatIMS LD-compliant format

15. 15 Inside of SMARTIES Basic functionality of SMARTIESBasic functionality of SMARTIES 1.Read and write the ontology 2.I_L event pattern matching (and unfolding scenario model) 3.Rule-based reasoning E.g. Scenario consistency check ruleE.g. Scenario consistency check rule –all the data used in the rule is defined in the ontology Declarative definition of concepts in the ontologyDeclarative definition of concepts in the ontology All the theories and scenarios in SMARTIES are modeled based on the ontologyAll the theories and scenarios in SMARTIES are modeled based on the ontology Way-knowledge base Advance the development / Develop / Developed Present content / Recognize / Recognizing the content Guide practice / Develop / Developed Guide practice / Develop / Developed Advance the development / Develop / Developed Present content / Recognize / Recognizing the content Guide practice / Develop / Developed Advance the development / Develop / Developed Present content / Recognize / Recognizing the content Guide practice / Develop / Developed Advance the development / Develop / Developed Present content / Recognize / Recognizing the content Guide practice / Develop / Developed Guide practice / Develop / Developed Advance the development / Develop / Developed Present content / Recognize / Recognizing the content Guide practice / Develop / Developed Present content / Recognize / Recognizing the content Guide practice / Develop / Developed Coached exercise Give information Coached exercise Scenario model Pattern matching Support learning / Aquire understanding / Understand Advance the development / Develop / Developed Developmental event Application

16. 16 Demonstration of SMARTIES (3/3) 1.Scenario making –Multiple theory-based guidelines for scenario design Application of a theory to a scenarioApplication of a theory to a scenario –Preservation of design rationale of a scenario with Theoretical justification of a scenario –Explanations of scenarios 2.Scenario modification with a sample scenario –Multiple theory-based guidelines for scenario design Blending multiple theories into a scenarioBlending multiple theories into a scenario Finding similar theories to an author’s own strategyFinding similar theories to an author’s own strategy –Consistency check of scenario-flow 3.Scenario export –Scenario-export with design rationale simple scenario descriptionsimple scenario description IMS LD-compliant formatIMS LD-compliant format

17. 17 Support learning / Aquire understanding / Understand Advance the development / Develop / Developed Present content / Recognize / Recognizing the content Guide practice / Develop / Developed Present what to learn / Recognize / Recognizing what to learn Give guidelines / Recognize / Recognizing how to learn ref. Gagne and Briggs <imscp:manifest...(Snip)... identifier="CP-Sample-of-IMS-LD-export"> <imsld:learning-design identifier="sample“...(Snip)... Sample of IMS LD export...(Snip)......(Snip)... (Snip)... <imsld:activity-structure Identifier=“IAS-Present content836231168“ structure-type="sequence"> IAS-Present content - <imsld:activity-structure-ref ref="LAS-Present what to learn857059328"/> <imsld:activity-structure-ref ref="LAS-Give guidelines858066944"/> <imsld:activity-structure identifier=“LAS-Recognize836231168" structure-type="sequence"> LAS-Recognize <imsld:activity-structure-ref...(Snip)... (Snip)... (Snip)... <imscp:manifest...(Snip)... identifier="CP-Sample-of-IMS-LD-export"> <imsld:learning-design identifier="sample“...(Snip)... Sample of IMS LD export...(Snip)......(Snip)... (Snip)... <imsld:activity-structure Identifier=“IAS-Present content836231168“ structure-type="sequence"> IAS-Present content - <imsld:activity-structure-ref ref="LAS-Present what to learn857059328"/> <imsld:activity-structure-ref ref="LAS-Give guidelines858066944"/> <imsld:activity-structure identifier=“LAS-Recognize836231168" structure-type="sequence"> LAS-Recognize <imsld:activity-structure-ref...(Snip)... (Snip)... (Snip)... XML description of IMS LD Activity-structure for Learner Activity-structure for Instructor Role Activities Environment HTML file This structure is based on “Gagne and Briggs’s theory”. The goal “Developed” is achieved by … Relation between our model and IMS LD

18. 18 Demonstration of SMARTIES 1.Scenario making –Multiple theory-based guidelines for scenario design Application of a theory to a scenarioApplication of a theory to a scenario –Preservation of design rationale of a scenario with Theoretical justification of a scenario –Explanations of scenarios 2.Scenario modification with a sample scenario –Multiple theory-based guidelines for scenario design Blending multiple theories into a scenarioBlending multiple theories into a scenario Finding similar theories to an author’s own strategyFinding similar theories to an author’s own strategy –Consistency check of scenario-flow 3.Scenario export –Scenario-export with design rationale simple scenario descriptionsimple scenario description IMS LD-compliant formatIMS LD-compliant format