1. Lecture 16 - MANGALS

2. Mangal: a tropical shoreline community in which various species of MANGROVE are the dominant plant species

3. Conditions for Mangal Formation 1. Protection from strong wave action 2. Availability and accumulation of sediment 3. Periodic flooding by salt water Mangal = Tropical Salt Marsh

4. Mangals - Tropical Salt Marshes

5. World Distribution

6. Mangrove Succession

7. Mangrove Succession -Red Mangrove - Rhizophora mangle

8. Tolerating Anaerobic Mud Lenticels Aerobic mud Anaerobic mud

9. lenticel O2O2 O 2 To prop root O 2 Concentration time apply grease to root 48 h

10. Red Mangrove - basis of community 1. Provide substrate for growth of other species

11. Red Mangrove - basis of community 2. Trap sediment and stabilize shore

12. Black Mangrove (Avicenna) - second stage of succession

13. Aerobic mud Anaerobic mud Pneumatophores (air root) Radial root Anchor root Structure of the Black Mangrove

14. Pneumatophores

16. Coping with salt Salt secreting glands on leaf

17. Final Successional Stage - White Mangrove - Laguncularia racemosa -least tolerant of salt and aerobic muds

18. Mangrove Succession and Zonation

19. MANGROVE ZONATION PATTERNS HYPOTHESES FOR ZONATION 1. Plant succession due to land building - plant zonation - a successional sequence But do mangroves cause different patterns of sediment deposition or just respond to deposition?

20. MANGROVE ZONATION PATTERNS HYPOTHESES FOR ZONATION 2. Geomorphological influences -mangroves response to changes in geomorphology but don’t cause them Patterns depend on abiotic patterns of sediment deposition 1. Land building

21. MANGROVE ZONATION PATTERNS HYPOTHESES FOR ZONATION 3. Physico- Chemical Gradients Two hypotheses 1.Land building 2.Geomorphology Gradient Different optima for each species leads to zonation a. Distinct preference

22. MANGROVE ZONATION PATTERNS HYPOTHESES FOR ZONATION 3. Physico- Chemical Gradients Two hypotheses 1.Land building 2.Geomorphology b. No preference Gradient a. Distinct preference Optimum range for all species Zonation is determined by other factors (competition, predation)

23. MANGROVE ZONATION PATTERNS HYPOTHESES FOR ZONATION 3. Physico- Chemical Gradients 1.Land building 2.Geomorphology e.g. Tidal inundation <10 ppt 35 ppt

24. MANGROVE ZONATION PATTERNS HYPOTHESES FOR ZONATION 3. Physico- Chemical Gradients 1.Land building 2.Geomorphology Seedling Survival (%) 100 50 0 Salinity 020304050607080

25. MANGROVE ZONATION PATTERNS HYPOTHESES FOR ZONATION 3. Physico- Chemical Gradients 1.Land building 2.Geomorphology Salinity 020304050607080 Ceriops tagal Ceriops australis Optimum salinity for germination - 15 ppt (lab)

26. MANGROVE ZONATION PATTERNS HYPOTHESES FOR ZONATION 1.Land building 2.Geomorphology 3.Physico-chemical 4. Propagule dispersion

27. MANGROVE ZONATION PATTERNS HYPOTHESES FOR ZONATION 1.Land building 2.Geomorphology 3.Physico-chemical 4.Propagule dispersion 5. Propagule predation Grapsid crabs Dominance  1/predation

28. MANGROVE ZONATION PATTERNS HYPOTHESES FOR ZONATION 1.Land building 2.Geomorphology 3.Physico-chemical 4.Propagule dispersion 5. Propagule predation Avicennia marina Normal distribution

29. MANGROVE ZONATION PATTERNS HYPOTHESES FOR ZONATION 1.Land building 2.Geomorphology 3.Physico-chemical 4.Propagule dispersion 5. Propagule predation Normal distribution

30. MANGROVE ZONATION PATTERNS HYPOTHESES FOR ZONATION 1.Land building 2.Geomorphology 3.Physico-chemical 4.Propagule dispersion 5. Propagule predation Normal distribution

31. MANGROVE ZONATION PATTERNS HYPOTHESES FOR ZONATION 1.Land building 2.Geomorphology 3.Physico-chemical 4.Propagule dispersion 5.Propagule predation 6. Competition ?

32. MANGROVE ZONATION PATTERNS Structure of Mangroves

33. MANGROVES AS NURSERIES Lutjanus griseus (Gray snapper) Spawn on ocean side of reef Postlarva moves to Thalassia beds Juveniles live in mangroves & move to Thalassia at night to feed

34. Mangrove Reproduction - Red Mangrove Wind Pollinated

35. Mangrove Reproduction - Black Mangrove Wind Pollinated

36. Mangrove Reproduction - White Mangrove Insect Pollinated

37. Mangrove Food Chain Direct grazing by crabs Leaf particles colonized by bacteria and fungi Bacterial and fungal recolonization fish prawn Particulate organic matter Small fish Small crustacea detritus protozoa bacteria algae Absorbed by sediment Eaten by mud whelks Dissolved organic substances MANGROVE LEAF algae

38. Hurricanes and Mangroves

42. Costanza et al, 2008. AMBIO 37(4):241-248.