2. Anthropology Series In the Beginning How did the Universe begin? Don’t know!

3. What do we know? How the universe evolved from 10 -44 sec to now - 11 billion years later. From a size of 10 -35 cm to the present size How stars, solar systems & galaxies form Power source of stars There are 4 forces in nature that may be unified at high temps or early times

4. Steps to the beginning Cosmology – study of the whole cosmos - the very large High energy physics – search for the fundamental building blocks of nature – starts with the forces in nature and is the realm of the very small Never the twain shall meet?

5. Important numbers 11 billion years 10 -35 cm – “Planck length” 10 -44 sec – “Planck time” Speed of light 3x10 8 m/s. The speed limit of the universe

6. Force Laws Gravity Electricity and Magnetism Strong Nuclear Weak Nuclear

7. Gravity Force Distance behavior source of the force –cause? receiver - what can feel the force 1/r 2 gravitational charge - mass (m) F = Gm 1 m 2 /r 2 ATTRACTIVE ONLY - LARGE SCALE STRUCTURE/ STABILITY OF THE UNIVERSE

8. Electric force Distance source receiver 1/r 2 Electric charge (q) F= kq 1 q 2 /r 2 ATTRACTIVE AND REPULSIVE - STABILITY OF THE ATOMS/MOLECULES/MATTER

9. Strong Force Distance source receiver Scotch tape 10 -13 cm Strong charge - color ?????????????? ATTRACTIVE AND REPULSIVE STABILITY OF ATOMIC NUCLEUS

10. Weak Force Distance source receiver Scotch tape 10 -16 cm Weak charge - isospin ???????????????? Radio active decay - instability of matter

11. Range Gravity E & M Strong Weak Infinite Short 10 -13 cm Very short 10 -16 cm

12. Strength Strong E & M Weak Gravity 1 10 -2 10 -13 10 -42

13. Mediators Strong E & M Weak Gravity Gluons Photons Weakons Gravitons Exchange particles (1949) vs. Action at a distance /field concept (19th century)

14. So Far Electron Proton Neutron The 4 mediators

15. The next step - the particle zoo Protons & neutrons have parts (quarks). Probing them at higher and higher energies yields more particles because of spontaneous creation using E = m c 2 140 mesons 120 baryons Remember the 4 mediators Electron family

16. Mesons

17. Baryons

18. How many do you really need? 12 + 4 mediators

19. I mean “really need” 1 Name - string 1 dimensional – length Size – 10 -35 cm The Planck length Opened or closed They vibrate to give all particle properties necessary-mass etc Unification of all forces!!

20. Continuous point theories All the interactions or forces so far have been described as space and time continuous even though other quantities of the theory are quantized.

21. Point particle theories

22. Gravity Singularities at t = 0 and center of black holes(point –particle theory) Quantum foam problem-from the uncertainty principle Assumes continuous warping of space-time

23. String theory

24. Super symmetric string theory (M) It is not a point particle theory like gravity and quantum mechanics Distances smaller than the Planck length are not accessible No singularities – Space-time is quantized Quantized geometry necessary Easy to talk about difficult to calculate Hopes to predict all particle masses & properties. Predicts 11 dimensions (10+1) Predicts many more particles than we currently observe

25. Summary - but not the whole story

26. More sources http://www.astro.ucla.edu/%7Ewright/cosm olog.htmhttp://www.astro.ucla.edu/%7Ewright/cosm olog.htm http://www.superstringtheory.com/ http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/asin/0 375708111/thesuperstring07http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/asin/0 375708111/thesuperstring07