1. HWK Nature, 329, 529 (1987) Polaroid image of the first molecular model of C 28 C 28

2. Mass Spectrum of Carbon Clusters Heath, Liu, O’Brien, Curl, Kroto and Smalley unpublished data C 28

3. Prediction C 28 tetravalent and should be stabilised by addition of four H atoms HK Nature 1987

4. Prediction: because strain released and four C 6 aromatic rings remain HK Nature 1987

5. C 28 should be a giant tetravalent “Superatom” H W K Nature, 329, 529 (1987)

6. Ti Properties of C 28 in detail starting with Ti@C 28 with Paul Dunk and Alan Marshall

7. U @ C 28 1993 U

8. NHMFL FSU Laser vaporization of a UO 2 -graphite target laser fired at different points in time along the pulse pressure profile U@C 28 is clearly seen to form before larger U@C n species U@C 28

9. Exxon Data Cox et al JACS 110 1588 (1988)

11. C 32

12. Endohedral Fullerene Comparison Spectra

14. Delft Buckyball Wkshp Dynamic Z

15. WOW Moment

16. Nori Shinohara - Nagoya Alan Marshall Dr. FT-ICR-MS Chris Hendrickson Nathan Kaiser Paul Dunk

17. Rice Group showed that under intense laser irradiation C 60 lost C 2 fragments sequentially and at C 32 blew up completely into small carbon species and atoms C 60 → C 58 → C 56 → → → → C 32 → C 2 C 2 C 2 C n (n small)

19. C 28 should be special - a tetravalent “Superatom” atom H W Kroto, Nature, 329, 529 (1987) Polaroid image of the first molecular model of C 28

20. Mass spectrum of laser vapourised graphite (Rice 1985) C 28

21. Sussex NNC

22. ~sp 3

23. Four Benzenoid aromatic rings remain

24. Exxon Data Cox et al JACS 110 1588 (1988) NB No C 22 possible!

25. http://www.orchidpalms.com/polyhedra/acrohedra/nearmiss/jsmn.htm

26. Sussex NNC

27. The structure proposed for C 28 contains four triple fused pentagons units arranged in tetrahedral symmetry.

28. Predicted stable and semi-stable Fullerenes image at: www.answers.com/topic/fullerenewww.answers.com/topic/fullerene C 28 C 32 C 50 C 60 C 70

30. Predicted stable and semi-stable Fullerenes image at: www.answers.com/topic/fullerenewww.answers.com/topic/fullerene C 28 C 32 C 50 C 60 C 70

31. C 28 should be tetravalent

34. U @ C 28 U

35. Ti @ C 28 Ti

36. Ti@Cn distribution (RED) vs. empty cage distribution (BLUE) for FIG (2). Clearly shows titanium has stabilized C 28, and other small fullerenes.

37. C 28 Sussex NNC

38. C 28 ”superatom” analogue of sp 3 carbon atom Suggests T d C 28 H 4 Nature 329 529 (1987) C 28 H 4

39. at: commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Endohedral_fu... commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Endohedral_fu... Endohedral Fullerenes can satisfy “valencies” internally

40. Titanium Rod – Positive ions M(C 28 ) + M(Ti) = 336 + 48 = 384 C 28 Ti Predicted

41. C 32 ca 50 milliDaltons separation Titanium Rod – Positive ions M(C 28 ) + M(Ti) = 336 + 48 = 384 M(C 32 ) = 384

42. Titanium Rod – Positive ions C 28 Ti Predicted Minus C 32 mass peaks

43. FT-ICR-MS relative intensities of Ti@C n vs n 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 n 100 80 60 40 20 0 Abundancerel units Ti@C 28 Ti@C 38 Paul Dunk with Harry Kroto and Alan Marshall Ti@C n vs n

44. (T d ) C 28 more stable by 717 kJmol -1 than D 2 (T d ) Ti@C 28 more stable by 270 kJmol -1 than D 2 David E. Bean, Patrick W. Fowler, University of Sheffield C 28 (D 2 )C 28 (T d )

45. image at: www.answers.com/topic/fullerene

46. C 28 ”superatom” analogue of sp 3 carbon atom Suggests T d C 28 H 4 Nature 329 529 (1987) C 28 H 4

47. at: commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Endohedral_fu... commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Endohedral_fu... Endohedral Fullerenes can satisfy “valencies” internally

48. FT-ICR-MS relative intensities of Ti@C n vs n 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 n 100 80 60 40 20 0 Abundancerel units Ti@C 28 Ti@C 38 Paul Dunk with Harry Kroto and Alan Marshall Ti@C n vs n

49. (T d ) C 28 more stable by 717 kJmol -1 than D 2 (T d ) Ti@C 28 more stable by 270 kJmol -1 than D 2 David E. Bean, Patrick W. Fowler, University of Sheffield C 28 (D 2 )C 28 (T d )

50. For the bare cages, the tetrahedral isomer is more stable by 0.273 a.u. (717 kJmol-1). When a titanium atom is encapsulated, this gap decreases to 0.103 a.u. (270 kJmol- 1), but the tetrahedral isomer remains the more stable. David E. Bean, Patrick W. Fowler, University of Sheffield C 28 (D 2 )C 28 (T d )

51. at: commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Endohedral_fu... commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Endohedral_fu...

52. image at: people.whitman.edu/~hoffman/people.whitman.edu/~hoffman/

54. Abundance of Endohedral Fullerenes Ti@C n vs n

55. 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 n 100 80 60 40 20 0 Abundancerel units Ti@C 28 Ti@C 38

56. Some of the more stable members of the fullerene family. (a) C28. (b) C32. (c) C50. (d) C60. (e) C70. image at: www.answers.com/topic/fullerene

57. Abundance of Endohedral Fullerenes Ti@C n vs n 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 n 100 80 60 40 20 0 Abundancerel units Ti@C 28 Ti@C 38

59. For the bare cages, the tetrahedral isomer is more stable by 0.273 a.u. (717 kJmol-1). When a titanium atom is encapsulated, this gap decreases to 0.103 a.u. (270 kJmol- 1), but the tetrahedral isomer remains the more stable. David E. Bean, Patrick W. Fowler, University of Sheffield C 28 (D 2 )C 28 (T d )