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Drill: Calculate the solubility of MgF 2 in 0.10 M KF. K sp MgF 2 = 6.4 x 10 -9
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Nuclear Chemistry
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The study of reactions that take place in the nuclei of atoms
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Chemical Reactions In normal chemical reactions, only the electrons are involved
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Radioactive Nuclei A nucleus that spontaneously decomposes
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Isotopes Elements with the same atomic number, but different mass number
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Isotopes Elements with = numbers of protons, but numbers of neutrons
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Isotopes All elements have at least one radioactive isotope
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Radiation The emission of particles & rays from spontaneously decomposing nuclei
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Modes of Decay Alpha emission Beta emission Gamma emission Positron emission K-electron capture
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Drill: Name five types of radiation
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Drill: Name 3 common types of radiation
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Alpha Particle ( ) Helium nucleus 2 protons & 2 neutrons mass = 4 amu charge = +2 Penetration power: small
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Beta Particle ( ) High speed electron 1 electron mass = 1/1836 amu charge = -1 Penetration power: medium
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Gamma Ray ( ) High energy photon Electromagnetic wave mass = 0 charge = 0 Penetration power: great
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Positron ( ) Positive electron 1 positive electron mass = 1/1836 amu charge = +1 Penetration power: medium
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K-capture The capture of an inner level e - by the nucleus 1 electron mass = 1/1836 amu charge = -1
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Nuclear Symbol Alpha: 2 4 He or 2 4 Beta: -1 0 e or –1 0 Gamma: 0 0 Positron: +1 0 e K-electron: -1 0 e
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Fission The splitting of a nucleus into smaller nuclei involving the release of energy
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Fusion The combining of smaller nuclei into a larger one involving the release of energy
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Transmutation Rxns Nuclear reactions in which one element is changed into another
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Transmutation Rxns Reactions in which the nucleus of an atom is changed
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Transmutation Rxns Both fission & fusion are examples of transmutation rxns
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Transmutation Rxns Can occur through emission of or bombardment by radioactive particles
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Transmutation Rxns emission of Pm-142 bombardment of Th-231
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AP CHM HW Read: Chapter 19 Problems: 18 & 19 Page: 553
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CHM II HW Read: Chapter 26 Problems: 31 & 35 Page: 1036
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Transmutation Rxns emission of U followed by two separate emissions:
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Transmutation Rxns bombardment of Th followed by two separate emission:
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Drill: Predict Prod Neutron absorption by U followed by two separate emission:
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Predict Products emission of O-18 followed by a emission:
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Predict Products K-capture by V-45 followed by neutron emission then emission
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Predict Products absorption by V- 45 followed by neutron emission then emission
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Decay Rate The rate at which radioactive nuclei break down
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Half-Life The time it takes for 50 % of the radioactive nuclei to decompose
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Decay Rate Rate = kdX/dt ln(X o /X) = kt 1/2 k = 0.693/t 1/2 t 1/2 = half-life
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Drill: Predict the products in each step when Boron-12 goes through bombardment followed by emission.
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1st Order Age Dating Formula t = ln(X i /X f )t 1/2 0.693
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Calculate the age of a skeleton found with 0.125 % C-14 when atmospheric C-14 = 1.00 %. t 1/2 C-14 = 5720 yr
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Calculate the age of a tooth found with 0.00132 % C-14 when atmospheric C-14 = 1.00 %. t 1/2 C-14 = 5720
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AP CHM HW Read: Chapter 19 Problems: 21 & 22 Page: 553
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CHM II HW Read: Chapter 26 Problems: 53 & 54 Page: 1037
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Calculate the age of a bone found with 0.000300 % C-14 when atmospheric C- 14 = 1.00 %. t 1/2 C-14 = 5720
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Drill: A fossil contained 3.125% of its original carbon-14. Determine its age. t 1/2 for C-14 = 5720 yrs
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Mass-Energy Relations E = mc 2
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Nuclear Fact The mass of any nuclei is different than the sum of the masses of its protons & neutrons
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Nuclear Fact The energy corresponding to the mass difference can be solved using: E = mc 2
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Binding Energy The energy that holds a nucleus together corresponds to m of nucleus
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In an atomic bomb, 40.00 kg of U-235 (235.401) is split into Ba-144 (14 3.223) + Kr-89 (89.335) + 2 neutrons (1.014). A) Calculate the energy released. B) Calculate the wavelength of the ray
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Drill: Show neutron bombardment of Ra-223 followed by 3 alpha emissions
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Drill: Show the intermediates and the final isotope of alpha bombardment of Xe-136 followed by two separate beta emissions.
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