1. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Chapter One Introduction to Statistics

2. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Chapter 1 - 2 Some Commonly Asked Questions about Statistics

3. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Chapter 1 - 3 What are Statistics? The word statistics refers to statistical procedures and the answers obtained from those procedures.

4. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Chapter 1 - 4 What Do Researchers Do with Statistics? Statistical procedures are used to –Organize, –Summarize, and –Communicate data Then to –Conclude what the data indicate

5. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Chapter 1 - 5 What is Empirical Research? Empirical means knowledge obtained through observation of events. Empirical research involves measurement. The scores obtained in research are the data.

6. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Chapter 1 - 6 How Do I Learn Statistics? More than anything else, you need to learn when to use each statistical procedure, why each statistical procedure is used, and how to interpret its answer.

7. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Chapter 1 - 7 Basic Statistical Notation Statistical notation is the standardized code for symbolizing the mathematical operations performed in the formulas and for symbolizing the answers we obtain.

8. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Chapter 1 - 8 Review of Mathematics Used in Statistics

9. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Chapter 1 - 9 Mathematical Operations X or Y stand for each individual score obtained in a study. o Addition X + Y. o Subtraction X – Y. o Division X / Y. o Multiplication XY, ( X ) Y, or X ( Y ). means “ X squared” or “ X times X.” means “the square root of X.”

10. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Chapter 1 - 10 Parentheses and square root signs indicate “the quantity” so always find the quantities indicated by these symbols first. The Order of Math Operations Unless otherwise indicated –Square or take the square root –Multiply or divide –Add or subtract

11. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Chapter 1 - 11 Rounding Carry out calculations so the final answer after rounding has two more decimal places than the original scores Do not round off at intermediate steps in a formula If the number in the next decimal place is 5 or greater than 5, round up If the number in the next decimal place is less than 5, round down

12. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Chapter 1 - 12 Transformations A transformation is a mathematical procedure for systematically converting a set of scores into a different set of scores.

13. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Chapter 1 - 13 Proportions A proportion is a decimal number between 0 and 1 that indicates a fraction of the total To transform a number to a proportion, divide the number by the total

14. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Chapter 1 - 14 Percents A percent (or percentage) is a proportion multiplied by 100 To transform a percent back into a proportion, divide the percent by 100

15. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Chapter 1 - 15 Creating Graphs The horizontal line across the bottom of a graph is the X axis The vertical line at the left-hand side is the Y axis

16. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Chapter 1 - 16 Plot of Height and Weight Scores

17. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Key Terms Chapter 1 - 17 data data point percent proportion statistical notation transformation