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Aldehydes and Ketones
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Drill Draw & name 5 isomers of: C 3 H 5 OF
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Aldehydes Organic compounds with carbonyl groups on the end carbon
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Aldehydes O R-C H
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Ketones Organic compounds with carbonyl groups within carbon chains
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Ketones O R-C-R
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Common Aldehydes
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Formaldehyde O H-C H Methanal
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Acetaldehyde O CH 3 -C H Ethanal
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Propionaldehyde O CH 3 -CH 2 -C H Propanal
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Butyraldehyde O CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 C H Butanal
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Benzaldehyde O C H Almond Extract
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Cinnamaldehyde O
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all-trans-retinal C=O H
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all-trans-retinol
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4-hydroxy-3-methoxy benzaldehyde Vanillin C O H HO H 3 C-O
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Draw: acetaldehyde & benzaldehyde
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Common Ketones
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Acetone O CH 3 -C CH 3 Propanone
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Methyl ethyl ketone O CH 3 CH 2 C CH 3 Butanone
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Cyclohexanone O
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Benzophenone C O Diphenylmethanone
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Muscone O
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General Properties
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Polarity Alcohols > aldehydes Aldehydes > ketones
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Solubility in Water Alcohols > aldehydes Aldehydes > ketones
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Boiling Points Alcohols > aldehydes Aldehydes > ketones
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Melting Points Alcohols > aldehydes Aldehydes > ketones
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Oxidation State Alcohols > hydrocarbons Aldehydes > alcohols Acids > aldehydes
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Show all the oxidation steps in converting butane to 3-butenoic acid
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Energy State Alcohols < hydrocarbons Aldehydes < alcohols Acids < aldehydes
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Chm PE Gradient Methane:CH 4 Methanol:CH 3 OH MethanalCH 2 O Methanoic A: HCOOH
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Chm PE Gradient Reduced Compounds > Less reduced compounds > Oxidized compounds
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Determine MP order CH 3 -CH 3 CH 3 -CH 2 OH CH 3 -CHO CH 3 -COOH
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Drill: Draw & name 5 isomers of: C 3 H 9 NO
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Making Aldehydes & Ketones
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Oxidation of primary alcohols Making Aldehydes
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To oxidize alcohols, Hs must be removed from the OH & the adjacent carbon Making Aldehydes
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OH R-C-H H ox
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Making Aldehydes OH R-C-H H ox
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Making Aldehydes OH O R-C-H R-C H H ox
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Common Oxidizing Agents Cr 2 O 7 -2 MnO 4 -1
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Examples: K 2 Cr 2 O 7 KMnO 4
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Oxidation of secondary alcohols Making Ketones
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OH R-C-R ox H
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Making Ketones OH O R-C-R R-C R ox H
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t-Alcohol Ox OH R-C-R R ox
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t-Alcohol Ox OH R-C-R NR ox R
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Name reactants & predict & name products H 3 C-OH K 2 Cr 2 O 7 H 2 SO 4
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Formaldehyde H C=O H Methanal
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Name reactants & predict & name products H 2 C-OH H 3 C K 2 Cr 2 O 7 H 2 SO 4
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Acetaldehyde H C=O H 3 C Ethanal
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Name reactants & predict & name products OH H 3 C-CH-CH 3 K 2 Cr 2 O 7 H 2 SO 4
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Acetone H 3 C C=O H 3 C Propanone
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Name reactants & predict & name products K 2 Cr 2 O 7 H 2 SO 4 OH
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Cyclohexanone O
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Name reactants & predict & name products K 2 Cr 2 O 7 H 2 SO 4 CH 2 OH
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Benzaldehyde CHO
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Aldehyde Detection Reactions
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Detecting Aldehydes Tollen’s Test Benedict’s & Fehling’s Test Both distinguish aldehydes from ketones
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Tollen’s Reagent AgNO 3 Ag + + NO 3 - Ag + + 2 NH 3 [Ag(NH 3 ) 2 ] + 100 %
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Tollen’s Test O R-C-H + 2[Ag(NH 3 ) 2 ] + + 2OH - O NH 4 + R-CO - + 2Ag (s) +3NH 3 + H 2 O
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Benedict’s Reagent CuSO 4 Cu +2 + SO 4 -2 NaOH Na + + OH - 100 % Fehling’s Reagent
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Benedict’s Test O R-C-H + 2 Cu +2 + 5 OH - O R-C-O - + Cu 2 O (s) + 3H 2 O
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-Hydroxy Ketones HO O R-C-C H R Yield positive results in both tests
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Drill: Draw -hydroxy- propanaldehyde
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Carbonyl Addition Reactions
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Carbonyl Addition Rxns with water O C + H-OH C HO OH Hydrate
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Carbonyl Addition Rxns O C + H-OH C HO OH Chloral Hydrate H Cl 3 C Chloral or trichloroacetaldehyde H CCl 3
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Carbonyl Addition Rxns O C + H-OH H H Methanal
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Carbonyl Addition Rxns O C + H-OH C HO OH Methanediol H HH H
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Carbonyl Addition Rxns with alcohols O C + R-OH C RO OH
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Example O C + OH H 3 C H
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C H 3 C H HO O
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Drill: Draw & name 4 isomers C 5 H 10 O that are either aldehydes or ketones:
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Hemiketal Formation O C + R 3 -OH C R 3 -OOH R 1 R 2 Hemiketal
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Name reactants & draw products O C + CH 3 -OH H 3 C CH 3
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O C + CH 3 -OH C H 3 C-OOH H 3 C CH 3 CH 3 Hemiketal
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Hemiacetal Formation O C + R 3 -OH C R 3 -OOH R 1 H Hemiacetal
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Hemiacetal Formation O C + R 3 -OH C R 3 -OOH H 3 C H CH 3 H Hemiacetal
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Hemiacetal Formation O C + R 3 -OH C R 3 -OOH H 3 C H CH 3 H Hemiacetal
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Draw the reactants & products when water is added to 2-butanone
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Draw the reactants & products when methanol is added to acetone
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Full Acetals & Ketals The second addition of an alcohol to either hemi- acetals or ketals will produce full each
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Uses of Aldehydes & Ketones
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1)1-propanol + KMnO 4 2)2-propanol + K 2 Cr 2 O 4 3)2-methyl-2-propanol + K 2 Cr 2 O 4 4) cyclohexanone + water 5)benzaldehyde + water 6)formaldehyde + 1-butanol 7)acetone + phenol 8) 5-hydroxypentanaldehyde (addition)
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1)ethanol + KMnO 4 2)2-pentanol + K 2 Cr 2 O 7 3)t-butanol+ K 2 Cr 2 O 7 4) acetone + water 5)formaldehyde + water 6)propanaldehyde + methanol 7) 2-butanone + phenol 8) 4-hydroxybutanaldehyde (addition)
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Name the following: OH H O
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Review
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Name the following: O H OH
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Draw the following: 3-ethyl-6-methyl- 2-phenoxy-1- sulfhydryl-octa- 4,5-dione
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Oxidation of each with KMnO 4 or K 2 Cr 2 O 7 : 1-butanol 2-butanol 2-methyl-2-propanol
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Carbonyl Addition Rxns: 2-butanone + water Propanaldehyde + water Acetone + methanol Acetaldehyde + ethanol
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Draw the reactants & products when 5- hydroxypentanal reacts with itself
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Draw & name 3 isomers of C 4 H 8 O containing carbonyls
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Draw & name 10 isomers of C 4 H 8 O
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