1. Genetic Engineering
Conceptual Biology
Ch. 5.3

2. Vocabulary genetic engineering selective breeding hybridization
inbreeding
mutation
transgenic
clone
inheritable genetic modification (IGM)

3. I. Manipulating Genetics
Selective breeding = to only allow those with “desired” traits to pass on their genes
Most farm animals and crop plants are from selective breeding
Hybridization = crossing two dissimilar organisms to get the best of both
Inbreeding = continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics
animal breeds are maintained by inbreeding (ex: dog breeds)
chance for recessive genes increase (many breeds have genetic diseases from recessive alleles)

4. Selective Breeding of Wild Mustard

5. B. Increasing Differences
Mutation = permanent change in a gene or chromosome
usually harmful
small % of mutations can be beneficial
New Bacteria & Plants
Scientists cause mutations in bacteria to try to get a useful mutation.
Scientists cause mutations in plants so that they do not get sick as easily, grow better, have different colors, etc.
Ex: bacteria that eat sewage or clean up oil spills

6. II. Genetic Engineering
Transgenic Organisms
In 1986, we inserted the gene which causes fireflies to glow with light into a tobacco plant.
Transgenic organism = an organism that contains genes from another species
Transgenics
Transgenic bacteria
Reproduce rapidly and are easy to grow
Produce important substances for health and medicine
ex: human insulin and human proteins

8. BioSteel = silk produced by goats from spider DNA used to make bullet proof vests
Spider genes being injected into a goat's egg to produce a transgenic goat

10. Transgenic plants – major part of US agriculture; weed resistance, insecticides, vitamin enriched
Transgenic animals – growth hormones in livestock, resistance to bacterial infections, production of human proteins

11. B. Cloning
Clone = individual with genetically identical cells produced from a single cell
Ex: an identical twin is a clone occurring “naturally” in the first days of an embryo’s development
In 1997, 1st cloned mammal - a sheep named Dolly
VIDEO NOTES 1) – 3)
Successfully cloned cows, pigs, mules, cats, mice and other mammals
1st human cells cloned in 2001 (for use as stem cells)

12. Donor Nucleus Fused Cell Egg Cell Embryo Cloned Lamb Foster Mother
These two cells are fused using an electric shock.
Fused Cell
Egg Cell
The nucleus of the egg cell is removed.
An egg cell is taken from an adult female sheep.
The fused cell begins dividing normally.
Embryo
The embryo develops normally into a lamb—Dolly
Cloned
Lamb
The embryo is placed in the uterus of a foster mother.
Foster Mother

13. Cloning goals – make copies of transgenic organisms and endangered species, make advances in medicine like transplants that a body won’t reject and cloned stem cells

14. 4. Cloning process
A body cell is taken from the animal you want to clone.
An egg cell is taken from a different animal.
The nucleus is removed from the egg.
The body cell and egg are combined by electricity.
The new cell begins dividing, becoming an embryo.
The embryo is implanted into a foster mother.
The embryo develops into a cloned animal.

15. Cloning problems at this time
Genetic errors - health problems
Cloning techniques inefficient and difficult
small % of DNA functions abnormally due to clones inheriting mitochondrial DNA from donor egg cell

16. Inheritable genetic modification (IGM) or “designer babies”
A child whose genotype would be purposefully selected
allows parents to weed out genetically defective embryos in the lab
PGD involves screening embryos for genetic defects

17. Ethical implications – ability for parents to select for any preference, producing a custom designed infant
Today - parents can choose gender
Future – parents choose traits they want injected into the embyros in the lab
Designer Babies Movie: