2. Reasoning To understand and analyse how basic philosophical arguments work. Understand basic philosophical terms. Use the terms to identify key features of arguments. Recognise which arguments are logical and most persuasive.

3. Components (Things an argument can be or have) Kinds of Arguments Foes & Fallacies Validity Truth Soundness Premises Conclusion Assumption Deductive Equivocation Inductive Syllogism Analogy Reductio ad absurdum Question Begging Argumentum ad hominem False Alternative Straw Man

4. Apply what you have just learnt to the arguments around the room. Read each argument and write on the sheet which parts are true (and why), what kind of argument it is and whether it is guilty of any fallacies…

5. All men are wolves, All wolves eat raw meat, Therefore all men eat raw meat. Deductive Premises are true Invalid Wolves is used in two different senses Valid All X are Y All Y are Z Therefore: All X are Z. Invalid All X are Y All R are Z Therefore: All X are Z. Equivocation

6. Andrea: It’s been proven that a foetus is a living human being. That makes abortion murder, and that means it’s always wrong. Jedward: Ok… do you think it’s ok to go to war sometimes? Andrea: Well if there were a good reason I suppose you might have to. Jedward: Right, so aborting an unborn baby is murder but asking adults to fight and risk their lives for their country and possibly kill other people is ok? Andrea: Hang on, those are two different cases…. Reductio ad absurdum Andrea is forced to admit that she thinks murder is always wrong and not always wrong (in the case of war).

7. The politician addressed the crowd in front of him. “The case for going to war has been made… attacks on our country cannot be tolerated and will not be tolerated”. The crowd murmured in agreement. “We have made our position clear…” said politician as his voice grew in tone “it is now time for our international allies to face the hard truth: if they are not with us then they are against us!” The crowd in front of the politician erupted in cheers though some faces looked uneasy at what had been said. False Alternative

8. The Bible is the word of God and so it can’t be doubted. In the Bible it says that God exists. Therefore: God exists.

9. Imagine you didn’t know what ‘yes’ meant… so you go and look up the word…. Yes “The opposite of no”. No “The opposite of yes”.

10. Conclusion: Walton High is the best school in the world. Premise 1: Walton High is the best school in the world.

11. Sherlock Holmes looked thoughtful for a moment before speaking. “Well it’s clear that who ever broke into the house must know the family…” said Holmes slowly. “What! How could you possibly know that Holmes…?” exclaimed Dr. Watson. “Very simply my dear Watson”, replied Holmes “If the thief had been a stranger, the dogs would have barked. Now one of the maids who was up all night said that she heard no barking, it was quiet all evening. So the thief can’t have been a stranger…” Deductive P1. If the thief had been a stranger then the dogs would have barked. P2. The dogs did not bark. Therefore: The thief was not a stranger. If P, then Q. Not Q. Therefore not P

12. If Mr Bates is in Hu10 then he isn’t on the roof. Mr Bates is in Hu10. Therefore he isn’t on the roof.

13. This morning I watched the sun rise. Every day of my life the sun has risen and before I was born the sun had risen every day and there is trustworthy historical evidence that that is true. Scientists could also show us evidence that this always happened in the past. Therefore tomorrow morning the sun will rise again. Induction

14. Recognise which arguments are logical and most persuasive. Create your own argument… It can be on any topic… You must make use of some the terms and ideas we have looked at today. You should try to make it as convincing and logical as you can. You could reflect on what makes an argument most persuasive. Swap work with the person next to you. Give their argument two stars and a wish but do it using everything that we have learnt today. Think whether you would be convinced by their argument? How would you improve it?

15. In no more than one paragraph write a definition of what ‘philosophy’ is using your own research. Be sure to write it in your own words. Write an answer to the question ‘What makes a convincing argument?’

16. Reasoning To understand and analyse how basic philosophical arguments work. Understand basic philosophical terms. Use the terms to identify key features of arguments. Recognise which arguments are logical and most persuasive.